LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Shelf.' H 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



THE 



American Farm Register. 



FOR ENTERING THE 



Records of Title, Dates Useful for Reference, 



THE STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION OF FARMS TILL THE YEAR 1900. 



^ith an |[utnJilttciiant 



EXPLAINING THE USES OF THE SEVERAL BLANKS PROVIDED FOR ENTERING THE 

ANNUAL RESULTS OF FARMING OPERATIONS, AND VARIOUS TABLES, 

AND OTHER INFORMATION CONVENIENT FOR USE. 



q ^ 

of^ FRANKLIN B. HOUGH. 






PHILADELPHIA: 

XjOTJIS H. E1^E]I?.TS. 

1879. 

r 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by 

FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at "Washington. 

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] 



PREFACE. 



A SYSTEMATIC record of farming operations will enable the owner of a farm to refer readily to the trans- 
actions of previous years, and afford, if well kept, a valuable means for determining the actual and comparative 
results of his experience in tlie various departments of his business that cannot fail of proving both interesting 
and profitable. It will give value to the farm, by enabling its owner to study the results of his labors, and to 
profit by his experience, avoiding for the future that which has proved unprofitable in the past, and seeking 
to enlarge those branches of his business which have proved from their returns tliat "there is money in if." 
If the owner wishes to sell, such a record well kept would be invaluable, by showing what his farm has done. 
To the purchaser it would be not less important in proving what the farm is capable of producing. Nor 
would the value of such a record generally kept prove less important to the public than to private interests, 
because it would enable our farming class to report with precision upon the inquiries of the census, and thus 
enable all classes, as well producers as dealers and consumers, to base their calculations upon exact returns, 
instead of upon hasty and random estimates. 

In the preparation of this work, blank spaces are arranged for entering the principal facts that would be 
desirable for reference in the management of a farm through a long series of years. Commencing with an 
abstract of title and a description of the farm itself, it embraces the dates of events that indicate the relative 
forwardness or lateness of the seasons, and the abundance or deficiency in crops. A.nd from these, following 
through the operations of the year, it will enable the person keeping the record to enter the details concerning 
each crop, and each field, the improvements and changes on the farm, the principal facts concerning each 
class of domestic animals, and of each special branch of industry, and the final gain or loss in each of these 
and in the general aggregates from year to year through the whole period. 

It too often happens that a man entering in early life upon the fiirming profession falls into a routine way 
of cultivation, from no other reason than because his father practised in this manner before him; and without 
attempting to reflect upon the causes that tend to influence results, or differences of soil, climate, or market 
demand, he goes on from year to year, scarcely gaining in estate, and quite frequently no more than "making 
tiie two ends of the year meet," at times when markets are dull, or when the seasons are unfavorable to his 
particular crops. 

With such, the past throws but little light upon the future, and should the inquiry be made as to how the 
yield of a given year compares with another, or whether the production of one crop was growing more or less 
])rofitab]e with the ever-changing circumstiinces that influence the yield in kind and in value, the owner would 
be left to vague conjecture, and might often be misled by errors in memory as to dates and amounts, so that his 
conclusions would be as erroneous as his data were uncertain. Dates and quantities, unless committed to writing, 
soon slip from the memory, and are lost beyond recovery. Even written memoranda, unless systematically 
kept, tend to become scattered and lost, or are not readily found when wanted, and because not convenient for 
reference they are less frequently used. Yet the habit of noting down these data is easily acquired, and with 
a systematic arrangement provided for receiving such entries, and for finding them as wanted, it is believed 
that every intelligent farmer would find in this habitual noting down of facts and events a pleasant and profit- 
able exercise. The chief value of such a record would evidently consist in the means it would afford for com- 
paring the results of different years, and the tendencies to change which might appear. This careful study 
of the details of profit or loss, and a thoughtful inquiry into the causes that influence the result, are the surest 
means of gaining that success in life which is the natural object of every man's ambition, and the jiroper 

reward of industrv, economv, and prudent forethought. 

• * ^ F. B. H. 



I IS^ D E X. 



Alidohitc humiility explained 

in open fields, record of. 

in woodlands, record of 

Account of I'xpenses 

general statement 

Acer rubrum, dates of blossoming of.... 

Acres changwd to hectires*. 

Ages of domestic animals 

Amelancliier canadensis, dates of blos- 
soming of 

Anemometer;!, construction and use of.. 

AntM'oid barometer - 

Angular spaces, mode of representation 

by means of 

Animal life, appearancis in, thnt indi- 
cate changes of weather 

Apiary, statistics relating to 

Apples, dates of blossoming of 

dates of ripening of. 

record of crop of. 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Apple-trees set out 

A'lnilegia canadensis, dates uf blussom- 



Arc, the niiitof laud measure, in metri- 
cil .system 

Area of fields, convenient mode of as- 
certaining 

of squares, proportion of, how de- 
termined 

Asparagus, dates when first used 

Assf!3, period of gestation 



t nf U 



M-i 



d;i 
dates of h; 



record of crop 

weight of a bushel (t;tble) 

Heo-keeping, entries relating to 

Ui'or measure, gallon 

Ileets, weight of a bushel (table) 

Borries, entry of statistics of. 

Birds, dates of finit appearance of 
8piing 

movement of, i-nlii-ritln- :]\ m^ 

Hlickberries, dati.-^i ^i M ■ - mi .f. 

dates of ripuuin^ l 

weight of a biir,li. l i J.|. 
Blackbirds, dates i 



Bio 



'Of cult 1 



,tal plu 



of wild frnit-b< 

of cultivated 

of wild plant 

Uluobirds, dates of first appearance 

Blue-grass seed, weight of a bushel 

(table) 

Bobolinks, dates of tii-t ,iji|m :,i inc*' .... 

Bran, weiglit of a tnih.i ,t;iMr 

Bridges farm 

Broom-corn seed, weight ol a bushel 

(table) 

Buckwheat, dates of aced-t'me 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

weight of a bushel (litble) 

Buff iloes, period of gestation 

Buildings ercted 

hired or leased 

Bulls, number of 

butchcre.I 

Bushel, size of in inches 

statute weight of grains (table) 

ch:inged into liectiditers 

Butter made at home 

made in faf-tory 



Calves, number of 

butchered 

Canned fruit, entries of. 

Capacity, metrical 

Cardinal flower, dates of blossoming of 

Carrots, record of crop 

weight of a bnsbel (table) 
Castanea Americana, dates of blossom- 
ing of, 

Castor beans, weightof a bushel (table).. 
Cattle, statistics of. 

butchered 

pasturage hired for 

pastured for others 

Cautionary signals of signul weather 

service 

Centigrade thermometers 

Cereal grains, weight of a bushel in the 

several States (table) 

Changes of weather, atmospheric indi- 
cations of. 

of the farm 

Charcoal bushel, size of 

weightof a bushel (table) 

Cheese made at homo 

made in factories 

Cherries, black, dates of blossoming of.. 

dates of ripening of 

garden, dates of blossoming of. 

dates of ripening of. 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Chestnuts, dates of blossoming of 

weight of a bushel (table) 

CircleSjmode of representation of quan- 
tities by 

Clay, etc., sold 

Clearings made on fami 

of stumps, boulders, etc. 

Glouds,indicationsof change in weather 

shown by 

Clover, cubic yards in a toti of. 

seed, weightof a bushel (table) 

Coal, minenil, weight of a bushel 

Color of sky indicating changes of 

weather... 

Colts, entries relatin_ 

Columbine, wild, dates of blossoming of j 

Columns, solar and lunar, how caused, 

and their indications 

comparison of results, advantage in 

of results of the year 

Condensed milk, entries relating to 

Condition and changes of the farm , 

Conversion tables, for English and met- 
rical weights and measures 

metrical measures of capacity 

of weights, English and metrical.. 

Cords changed to steres , 

Corn, Indian, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

green, dates when first used 

shelled, only to be entered, or itt 
equivalent 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Cornus Florida, dates of blossoming of 

Corrections applied to barometer 

Cotton seed, weight of a bushel (table) 
Cows, inimli'T nf 



L bushel (table) 34 



rotation of. 

not specified in printed headings.. 

Cubic measures, metrical system 

English changed to metrical meas 



Cubic meters changed to cubic perch, 

yards, and feet 

Cucumbers, dates when first used 

Cultivated fruits, dates of blossoming... 

dates of ripening of. 

Currants date-* of blossoming of. 

dates of ripeningof. 

weight cf a bushel (table) 



Daffodils, dates of blussoming of. 

Dahlias, dates of blossoming of. 

Dairy products, entry of. 

mode of entering 

homemade 

factory 

Days on which it rained or snowed.. 

assessed, highway labor 

Decimal system of weights and measures 

Deduction of title 

Dew, absence of, an indication of rain 

Dew point explained 

Dews, indication of change in weather 

from 

Diagrams, construction of explained... 

Dikes and embankments 

Ditches, record of. 

Dogs, loss of sheep by 

Dogwood, fiowering, dates of blossom- 
ing of. 

Domestic animals, valuations 

Drainage, record of. 

Dried fruit, entries of. 

Drouths, dates of. 

Dry measures, English converted into 

metrical measures 

Ducks, entries relating to 

period of incubation 

Earth thermometers 

Eggs, entries relating to 

Elastic force of vapor explained 

Embankments, etc 

Enclosure's, record of extent and cost of 

English weights and measures 

Kspy's theory of storms noticed 

Evaporation from open water-surfaces, 
record of. 

in woodlands 

Events, dates of memorable 

Ewes, period of gestation 

Expense account for the year. 

Experience, learning from 

Experiments in fattening stock 

in feeding stoek 

Factory-made butter anil cheese 

Fair weather, indications of. 

Fall of leiif, dates nf 

Farm, location and title of. 

condition and chimgesof. 

bridges 

stock, entries of 

Fattening of domestic animals 

Feathers, sale of 

Feet clianged to meters 

Fences, record of. 

Fertilizers used, statistics of. 

best for fiax and hemp 

Field crops not specified 

Fields, convenient mode of ascertainin 
area of. 

record of cultivation of separate. 

Final balance for the year 

Fire-flics, dates when fii^t seen 

Fires, injuries to fields from 

Fishes, dates of first appearance of i 

spring 

Flax, dates of seed-time 

dates of har\*e8t 

crop, entries of. 

Flaxseed, weight of a bushel (tjible).. 

Fleeces shorn, entry of. 

Floods, dates of. 

Flour meal, etc., weight of a bushel 

(table) 

Flowering nhnonds, dates of blossoming! 



59, 59a 

59 

59a 



of... 



Fogs, indications of change in weatlu-ri 

from ] 

Forost-tree planting, record of. : 

Forests, uttlity of. | 

Fowls, period of incubation | 

entries relating to j 

French metrical system of weights and 

measures 

Frogs, dates when first heard 

Frosts, unseasonable dates of. 

dates of first autumnal 

injuries from 

.5 



INDEX. 



Fruit-culture, orchard 

general results of. 

Fruits, weight of ji busliel (table) 

Gales, velocity and pressure of winds 

Gallon, size uf tlii; 

Garden proilnets, dates of firat use o1 

sold, entry of. 

Geese, entries relating to 

period of incubation 

wild, dates of flying north 

dates of flying south 

Geldings, number of. 

General chara';ter of seasons 

expense account for the year 

summaries of meteorological ri 



ertain domestic 



Gestation, period of i 

animals 

Goats, periud of gestation 

Gooseberries, dates of blossoming of... 

dates of ripening of. 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Gradinir, record ot, li^uv entered 

Graftsx't. -iiii \ "I . 

Grai 



cli, 



Grapes, ii.it>' -^ M'>-.--'iiiiiii;- of. 

dates nf riiXMiing of 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Graphic representutituis 

Grasshoppers, dates when first seen 

dates of visitation of. 

Gra^s seed, entry of. 

Gravel, etc., sold 

Gieat lake?, effect uf, upon siurms 

Green corn, diites when first used 

Green peas, dates when firat used 

Growth of domestit; animals, period of. 

Guano, record of u^e of. 

Gniuoa-h^.i.-, i. ■ i..i -.f m. i 



red 



Hiil, 



.T of day.^. 

Hair for plasterin'g, w< 

(l'*hle) 

Haloes, ind.eatiL 






ght of a bushel 
f changes in 




number of days on which si 

m.entric-s relating to 

>..-i. lu.-..l■b;-i^ningof., 



L■ubic inches allowed 



Hectares changed to i 
Hectoliter, a grain mi 

systc 



rii^r-d into bushels, gal- 



Hemp crop, entries of. 

Hemp seed, weiglit of a bushel (table).. 
Hi-us, entries relating to 



of a bushel 
cliught"!!!!!!! 



Honey, 
Hop ct . 
Horses 



?cl>.-stuurs,d;.tL.suf blossoming of 
s for taking meteorological obser- 
vations 

idiiy, gL-ner.il statements concern- 



. record of... 
i-d of.. 



ecord of.. 

i>i woodlands, n-curdof 

Hungaiiaa gnuis seed, weight of 

bushel (table) .". ! 

velocity and pressure ofi 



inds 



\ of.. 



Ice, dates of disappearance of 

date of formation for crossing 

Implements, etc., purchased 

Improvements made, and their cost 

Inches changed to meters 

Incubation of fowls, period of. 

Indian corn, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

Indian meal. wei{:ht of a bushel ^table) 

Indian summer, dates of. 

Injuries to crops 

Insects, dates uf first appearance of in 

spring 

Insurance upon properly 

general total 

Investments other tiian as specified 

" Isobarics," " isobars." or " isoharomet- 

ric lines" explained 

Jacks, number kept 

Kilograms changed to pounds 

Kiiometei"S changed to miles 

Labor, hired, entry of 

general total hir.-d 

Lambs, entry of number 

number sold 

Land hired from others for pasturage... 

hired to other-i for pasturage 

hired from others for use besides 




pasturage.. 



hired to others for use besides pas- 
turage 

taken upon sliares 

Land measure conversion table, English 

and melrical 

Land, entries relating to 

Latent heat, when absorbed and when 



giv 



Leased buildings 

Leaves, dates of first appearance of 

date:! of fall of. 

Length, metrical table of. 

Lettuce, dates when first used 

Life, term of with domestic animals 

Lilacs, dates of blossoming of. 

Lime, recoril of use of for agricultural 
purposes 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Lines, quantities compared by aid of.... 

Lint, poumls of, how entered 

Liquid measures, English, converted 

into metrical measures 

Liter, the metrical unit of capacity 

Lobelia cardinalis, dates of blossoming 



of.. 



Local influences, effect of upon winds 

Locusts, dates when first heard... 

Locust-trees, dates of blossoming of..... 

Long measure conversion table, Eng- 
lish and metrical 

Low areas of barometer ' 

Machines and implements purchased.... 

Malt, weight of a bushel (table) 

Mangel wurzel, weight of a bushel 
(table) 

Manuri's, record of use of. 

Miip of farm i 

Maple, red, dates of blossoming of. ! 

Maple sugar and syrup [ 

Mares, period of gestation. 



nberof.. 



Market fruits, entries relating to 

Marl, etc, sold 

Marehes reclaimed 

Martins, dates of first appearance 

Materials for home manufacture, gen- 
eral total 

Meadow larks, dates of firet appearance 



of.. 



Meal, weight of a bushel (table) 

Memorable events, dates of. 

Memoranda, need of sj'stem in 1 

keeping of. 

Meteorological observations, gene 



ling.. 



Meteors, number i 

Meter fthe unit of decimal measures) 

di-fiued \ 

Meters changed to rods, yards, feet, and] 



Metrical system of weights and i 



Miles changed to kilometers 

Milk, how Bobl 

.sold, entry of. 

Millet seed, weight of a bushel (table). 
Millier, a metrical measure of weights. 

Moisture, source of. 

in atmosphere, efl'ect upon sound.., 

Money borrowed for larm uses 

Mountains, effect of upon rains , 



Muck, as a fertihzer 

etc., sold 

Mules, entries relating to , 

Neat cattle, entries relating to 

pasturage hired fur 

pastured for others 

New Mexico, Spanish weights and; 

Number of plants when set in rows,! 

tables of I 

Oats, dati'S of seed-time I 

dates uf harvest I 

record of crop 

weight of a bushel (table) I 

Oceans, moisture supplied by 

Oil seed, weight of a bushel (table) | 

Onions and onion-sets, weight of a' 

bushel (table) I 

Operations of husbandry, dates of. I 

Orchard fruit-culture, statistics of 

Oippl^-s) 

other fruits 

Orchard gniss seed, weiglit of a bushel' 

(tiible) 

Ornamental plants, dates of fir.'. t blo8-| 

si.ming of i 

Osage orange seed, weight of a biisliel 

(table) 

Ounces changed to grams ! 

Oxen working, number of. | 

fat, butchereil 

Parallelograms, planting in 

Parhela, indications of changes in 

weather from , 

Parsnips, ^\eiM;ht of a bushel (table).. 

Pastur;!-.- liii'-.l iP.H) ..iheis , 

hire. I t.. . il,. I ■ 

Peathe-, : li - -I M niinguf. 

d;.!.--. >-l I ] . I ;! _ ..f 

Peach-ti. . ' I 

Pea-hen^, , ., , . l.aion 

Peanuts V i_i:i I . I i-hrl (table)..., 

Pears. d:r. i - imm^-.T 

dates ,, , ,„ :,:, . , , 

wei:^hr . f ., I .,.!, I .(,.l,Ie) 

Pear-tree.s ~< t .ut 

Peas, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest , 

record of ciop , 

weight of a bushel (table) 

green, .l;,le. \x hci, lirst u^cd , 

Peat, etr., ^ .1,1 

Perch eb,'iii-e(l t<> < uKir meters 

Periodical events showing the progre 

of the seasons 

Personal estate, assessment and valua- 
tion of. 

Pigeons, period of incubation 

Pigs, number of. 

Plan of arrangements explained.... 
Planting forest-trec-s 

modes of 

Plants, number set in rows on a square, 

tables of. 

Plaster, record of use of. 

Plums, dates of blossoming of. 

dates of ripening of. 

Plum-trees set out 

Pork, entries relating to 

Posts for showing area of fields 

Potatoes, common, dates of seed-iii 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

weight of a bushel (table) 

sweet, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

Poultry, suggestion of form for keeping 
entry 

returns Irum 

Pregnancy ot doniestic animals, dates 

of duration 

Piessure of winds of different veloc 

barometric laws that govern... 

Private roads 

Profit from the keeping of systematic 

records 

Proportional quantities, how best repre- 
sented 

Provisions f,.r the family 

Psycbromeler explained 

Quarts changed to liters, metrical 

Quinces, weight of a bushel (table).. 

Quincunx order, planting in 

Radisties, dates when fiist used 

Rain sind snow, deptli of. , 

Ruin-gauges, construction of 

Kain, indications of from atmosjihe 
appearances 



INDEX. 



lUin, number of days on which it fell.. 

Rainy tliiys 

Rape seed, weight of a bushel (table).... 

Rispberriea, red and black, dates of 

blossoming of. 

datog of ripening of. 

weight of ii bushel (table) 

Ravines filling of 

Reiil estate, assessment and valuation of 

Roauniur's thermometer 

R-ceipts other than from cultivation 

)-u- year. j;>^iit^ral total 

Ri.'o.'nl-. utility "T keeping 

lU-Lt.iiij^iilir lii.i^'ramsfor showing coi 

paiativo i|uaiitities 

Redness of sky, indicatiouaof. 

Rhi! top seed, weight of a bushel (table) 
Reed birds, dali'S of first appearance.... 
Relative humidity explained 

in opRU fields, I'ecord of. 

in woodlands, record of 

Rented lands, statistics of, how to be 



•ived- 



U..litsp;li^i;ind i 

Repairs and itnprDVementS 

Roptik'S, liates of first appearand 



nds, mode of computing 

e months 

record of, by ye. 



Results, importance of comparison of. 
Rice birds, dates of first appearance.... 
Ripening of cultivated fruits 

of wild fruits 

Roads, private 

Robins, dates of fiist appeaiunee 

Robinson's anemometer 

Hods changed to meters 

Root-crops, entries of. 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Rotition of crops 

Routine in cultivation too nft.-n fol 

lowed , 

Rows, number of phmts wIi-mi set in.., 

Rust, injuries from 

Rutabagas, weight of a bnsiiel (table), 
Rye, dates of seed-time.. 

dates of harvest 

record of crop , 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Salt, weight of a bushel (table) 

Sand, etc., sold 

Scales of thermometer, rules for cor 

verting 

School taxes 

8, events that mark the progref 



of.. 



ng of.. 



general character 

Seed-time, dates of beginn 
Separate fields, record of... 

Service, hired, entry of. , 

Shad, dates when first caught 

Shad-bush, dates of blossoming of. , 

Sheep husbandry, entries relating to.. 

pasturage hired for 

pastured by others 

Shore, privileges of 

Signal service, blanks furnished by.... 

predictions of. 

Silk raising, suggestion relating to 

Sky, color of, indicating changes i 

weather 

Slaughtered cattle, receipts from 

Sleighing, dates of ending of 

dates of beginning of 

Small Cruits, entry of statistics of. 



Smoke, indications of clianges of 

weather from 

Snow-gauges, construction of. 

Snow, dates of appearance and disap- 
pearance 

depth of, how determined 

depth of, how recorded 

Snowy days 

Soil, temperature of the 

Solid or cubic meas. in metiical system 

Sorghum crop, entries of 

seed, weight of a bushel (table) 

Spring beauty, dates of blossoming of... 

Spring wheat, record of crop 

Square measure, convei-sion table, Eng- 
lish and metrical 

Square meters changed to square rods, 
square feet, and square inches.... 
Squares for showing comparative quan- 
tities 

planting in 

Stacks, weight of. 

Stallions, number of 

State laws defining weights of the bushel 

(table) 

Steers, number of. 

butchered 

St&res changed to cords 

Stock-breeding, general remarks con- 



Stock pastured off from farm 

pastured for others on farm 

Stone quarried 

Stone-wall fences, record of. 

Storm areas, eastward movement of. 
Storms, prediction of 

movement of. 

law of movement of winds in... 

thunder, usually local 

Strawberries, field, dates of blossoming 



of... 



dates of ripening of. 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Sturgeon, dates when first caught.. 
Subdivisions of fields, convenient mode 

of finding 

Sugar beets, weight of a bushel (table) 

raaple, entry of. 

sorghum, entry of. 

Superficial measure, conversion table, 

English and metrical 

Survey bill of farm 

Swallows, dates of first appearance 

Swamp muck as a fertilizer. 

Swans, period of incubation 

Sweet potatoes, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Swine, entries relating to 

period of gestation 

Syrup, maple, entrj' of 

sorghum, entry of. 

System, need of in the keeping of 

records 

Tallow, receipts from 

Taxes, record of , 

Telegraph, use of in predictior 

changes of weather , 

Temperature of open air 

of woodlands 

rates of decrease upward, and 
toward poles 

of planetary spaces 

Tension of vapor explained , 

Thermometer, placing of the 

Thunder-shower, first date of. , 



Timber, planting of. 

area planted with 

Timothy seed, weight of a bushel (table) 

Title, deduction of. 

Tobacco, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest 

record of crop 

crop, entries ol. 

Ton of hay, cubic yards in 

Tonneau, a metrical measure of weight 
Tons changed to milliers, metrical.. 
Tools, machines, etc., purchased 



valuati 
Tornadoes, 
Tree-planti 
Trees alonf 
ing{ 



I of.. 



ent of winds in., 
(forest), record of.... 
iirgins of fields, for show- 



apple, number of. 

fruit, other than apple, innnbei 

in leaf, date of. 

fall of leaves, dates of 

set out, number of. 

Triangles, i.Iantini. in 

Trinngular m.in Ml |.|,,,,tii,rr, nnm 

Turkeys, rutii- - nimi.^ to 

periud >A \ui:\.i\'\\\)'\\ 

Turnips, record of crui'. 

weight of a bushel (table) 

Valuation of farm 

A'eal, receipts from 

Vehicles, etc., purchased 

Velocity of winds 

Violets, garden, dates of blossoming of. 

Wall fence, record of. 

Water-courees, diversMni of. 

Watermelons, datps whi-n first use 

Water-surfaces, drained.... 

Water thermometers 

Wax, entries relating to 

Weaning of domestic animals 

Weather, atmospheric indications < 

iportancc of changes in to the 



farn 



Weight, metrical denominations , 

of bushel of different grains, et( 

Wells, digging of. 

Wheat, dates of seed-time 

dates of harvest .. 

spring, record of crop. — ., 

winter, record .if crop 

weightof abiisli.-l M^J.l,. 
Wild fruits, dates ut i \ )ni!,. ..r. 

dates of ripenifi^ - f 

plants, dates ol liiai Llu^^uiiuiig 

Wind roses, construction of. 

Winds, indications of change in 

law of movement in storms...... 

record of. 

that bring rain 

upward tendency of in hail-stoi 

velocity of 



Wii 



gallo 



Winter wheat crop, record of. 

Woodlands, rainfall in 

temperature of 

absolute humidity in 

relative humidity in 

evaporation from open water-sur- 
faces in 

planting of. 

condition of 

Wool, entry of. 

disposition made of. 

Working oxen, number of. 

Yards changed to meters 

Yearly balance account 



IP J^ I^ T I. 

To aid in comprehending the design and use of this Register, the following explanations and suggestions are 
offered : The several tables and forms are designated by numbers, and not by pages, because it has been thought 
best to prepare the volume, in some cases, with particular reference to certain branches of business that are 
carried on more extensively, and which might therefore require more space than others ; this will not, however, 
lessen the convenience of reference, as the numbers will be readily found by the index at the beginning of the 
volume. 

(No. I.) DEDUCTION OF TITLE. 

The filling of the blank at the head of this page will need no explanation. It should show the owner's 
name, the extent of his farm when the record began, and its location. Space is given for designating the latter 
according to survey, where a part of the region is embraced in the public land surveys of the United States ; 
but, if elsewhere, the town, county, and State only would be sufficient, or such other designation as local 
circumstances might suggest. 

In preparing the abstract of title, it will sometimes be convenient to commence with the grant by the 
general or State government, or with the proprietors of the tract of which the farm is a part, and back to which 
it would be necessary to pi-ove, if the right were questioned before a court. The first line would show the first 
owner, to whom he conveyed, the kind of conveyance, whether by deed, bequest, or otherwise, the time when, 
the amount paid, and a reference to the place where a record of the instrument may be found. The next 
transfer of title will occupy the next line, and so down to present owner. Such a deduction of title is always 
a desirable piece of information with respect to a farm, and may be readily prepared from the indexes to the 
records of public offices, with the help of such local information as the present owner may have. Where 
portions of land are subsequently added, an entry should be made in the table for showing the " condition and 
changes of the farm" (No. 67), and a separate deduction of title entered in this table as there may be occasion. 

(No. 2.) SURVEY BILL OF THE FARM. 

This is always given in the title deed, and should be recorded on this page, with such additional entry of 
additions as may be necessary by reason of new purchases, or a sale of part of the farm. 



(No. 3.) MAP OF THE FARM. 
The outline and subdivisions of the farm, upon any convenient scale, may be drawn upon this page, with 
such explanations and references as api)ear desirable. It should be neatly done and properly tinted. 

For reference, it would be well to designate each field enclosed by a permanent fence or hedge, and of 
known area, by some number, letter, or other designation by which it may be distinguished from all others. 
But it will often happen that such a field may be cultivated in different crops, and these subdivisions or parts 
may often be of irregular form and of uncertain size, and changing from year to year. The extent of these 

portions may be determined very conveniently without survey, by 
fixing once for all, certain points of reference, the position of which has 
been determined by measurement. Let A, B, C, D in the annexed 
diagram represent a permanent field one hundred and twelve rods 
long and sixty rods wide, containing forty-two acres of land. Along 
the line A, B, and the opposite line C, D, at distances of sixteen 
rods, set a locust or cedar post, that may be seen from the other side, 
or, what is better, plant a tree. If there is a row of trees set along 
these lines at more frequent intervals, those at the sixteen-rod points 
should be trimmed up so as to show a straight trunk considerably 
higher than the intermediate trees, or they should be of a kind different and easily distinguishable from the rest. 
Along the lines A, D, and B, C, set posts, or plant trees in like manner, at measured intervals of ten rods. As 
a space ten rods wide and sixteen rods long forms an acre of land, it will be seen that lines sighted across from 
one side to the other by these permanent landmarks, would divide the large lot into forty-two rectangular spaces 
of one acre each, as shown by the diagram, — but without actual measurement, or the encumbrance of objects, 

2 9 



L^i 1 

\ 1 I 

— =1 — — -' 

F 
H ■''" "^ C 



10 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



interfering with the cultivation. If in any year it was found desirable to cultivate a portion, as E, F, G, B, in 
any crop, it could be found, by simply getting the range of the permanent objects, that this part would contJiin 
nine whole acres and three halves, or ten and a half acres. Another part, C, G, F, H, might contain six acres, 
and the rest of the field would have twenty-five and one-half acres, or the difference between these two and the 
whole amount. Tiiese subdivisions may be determined in a few moments by simple observation, and may be 
changed from year to year with sufficient accuracy for all purposes without the least expense for surveys, and 
with but very little attention. It would generally be easy to refer to these lines in sowing different crops, so 
that their borders would be on the range of these objects, and the contents of the parcels, if desirable, an even 
number of acres without fractions. 

iNo. 4.1 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS. 
It adds exceedingly to tiie interest of a series of numbers by showing the rise and fall of different years 
upon a diagram ruled into squares. Several of these are provided, printed in pale-blue lines, and these may be 
used in tracing quantities or values, as there may be occasion. To illustrate their construction, we will assume 
that through the period for which this record is provided the amount of corn, wheat, oats, and barley raised on 
a farm be as follows : 



Years. 


Corn. 


Wheat. 


Oats. 


Barley. 


Years. 


Corn. 


"Wheat. 


Oats. 


Barley. 


1878 


210 


610 


25 


100 


1890 


780 


460 


50 


120 


1879 


275 


700 


42 


140 


1891 


796 


500 


60 


175 


1880 


350 


624 


60 


160 


1892 


818 


590 


130 


145 


1881 


418 


500 


70 


212 


1893 


800 


665 


212 


136 


1882 


450 


456 


100 


240 


1894 


864 


712 


284 


170 


1883 


480 


425 


120 


210 


1895 


916 


750 


360 


220 


1884 


600 


375 


120 


160 


1896 


890 


760 


420 


230 


1885 


630 


410 


120 


225 


1897 


840 


814 


480 


245 


1886 


640 


350 


100 


160 


1898 


780 


901 


500 


280 


1887 


700 


360 


75 


120 


1899 


630 


980 


600 


325 


1888 


740 


358 


50 


130 


1900 


620 


1000 


575 


440 


1889 


761 


396 


48 


140 













To represent these numbers to the eye, we will draw a rectangular table, as in the accompanying figure : 



900 

800 
700 
600 
500 
400 
300 
200 



It should be spaced off vertically into as many divisions as there are years in the period, and horizontally into 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



11 



a convenient number of divisions, wliicli, in this instance, is for a scale of one thousand. It is well to have the 
lines for even quantities, as for example, hundreds, a little heavier than the rest. In this drawing there are five 
spaces between the lines for hundreds, each representing twenty in amount. In tlie blank diagrams provided 
in the body of the work there are ten spaces between the heavy horizontal lines. 

Having constructed this diagram by ruling horizontally and vertically, as above described, and by writing 
in on the upper margin the years, and on the left-hand margin the quantities to be used as a scale of reference, 
we take the quantities given in the above table, and point off the quantities for each year, measured from the 
bottom, and as shown by the scale. Then, by connecting these points by lines, we are able to show the rise or 
J'all m quantities by the ups or downs of the line. 

Usually there should be but one scale, and the natural place for this is the left-hand margin. But for some 
purposes we may place one scale for quantities ou the left, and another for values on the right. It is best not 
to encumber a diagram with too many lines, and where the lines intersect one another, and where several series 
of quantities are to be shown, it is better to use several similar diagrams. It adds wonderfully to the clearness 
of effect if the lines representing the range of quantities or values are ruled in with different colors of ink, or 
if they are nicely shaded with water colors; but this could not be conveniently done in printing this volume, 
and we have, instead of this, adopted different kinds of plain and dotted lines. 

Where it is desirable to show to the eye the proportion which several parts bear to the whole, there is 
nothing so effectual as angular space, or comparative areas. But in these 
we cannot take in the element of time, and are limited to the represen- 
tation of quantities alone as they stood at different periods. The mode 
of representation by circles is probably in most cases preferable, and they 
are most easily drawn. Let us explain the mode of construction by this 
method : We will suppose that the production of a given year on a farm be 
§250 from Stock, $300 from Grain, $180 from the Dairy, $160 from Fruits, 
and $110 from Cordwood. The sum of these is $1000. We will reduce 
these quantities to percentages, by annexing two ciphers to each, and di- 
viding by the sum. We shall find tiiese percentages to be 26 for Stock, 30 
for Gf-rain, 18 for the Dairy, 16 for Fruits, and 11 for Cordwood. Then 
draw a circle : divide it into a hundred parts, by allowing 3.6 degrees to 
one hundredth, and space off the angular distances necessary. We shall 
find that they just close the circle, making the sum of the percentages 
Mode of ]iei)iesentaiion by Angular Spaces. 100 J or, iustcad of this, wc may multiply the percentages by 3.6, and we 
have the degrees due to each, their sum being 360. 

The same may be shown on a rectangular space, by taking a line of any convenient length, as in the 
following figure, and dividing one of the sides into 100 parts. Then taking of these parts as many as there are 
in the several percentages, we have the relative importance of these several items of production shown at one 
glance, Ijy the comparative lengths of these several subdivisions. 




STOCK. 

$250.00— 25 per cent. 



GRAIN. 
$300.00=30 percent, 



DAIRY. 
$180.00—18 percent. 



FRUITS. 

$160.00-16 per cent, 



CORDWOOD. 

$110.00=11 
per cent. 



Mode nf Repreaentalion hij Proportional Diolaion of a Bar or Line. 



In both of these methods of graphic representation the quantities depend upon the length of the arc, if a 
circle, — or of the base line, if a rectangular figure, without reference to the breadth of the figure as measured 
on the radius of the former, or the side of the latter. 

The rectangular diagram, although not quite as striking to the eye, has this advantage, that we may 
subdivide these belts, or zones, by dividing one side of each into 100 parts, and assigning to the different 
subjects of tiie subdivisions their proportional area. 

For the purpose of illustrating this point, we will suppose that the values of production in Stock, Grain, 
Dairy Products, Fruits, and Cordwood, that are given in the foregoing examples, are subdivided into their 
elementary parts, as follows : 



12 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



Farm Products Sold. 



Number on 

Square 

Diagram. 



Value 

of 

Each Item. 



Per Cent, of 
Each to Total 
of its Class. 



General Sum. 



Per Cent. 

OP 

Total. 



Stock. 



Colts... 

fers 



f Colt 

J Hei: 

j Sheep. . 

[ Lambs. 



Dairy Products - 



Fruit. 



Firewood. 



1 
2 
3 
4 

5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 



r Apples 15 

Peai-s ' 16 

( Small Fiuiis ' 17 

) Maple ' 18 

[ Oak 19 



„ (Shelled....! 

^°^"-ilntheEari 

Wheat -i^""^ ! 

( Winter 

Rye 

Oats ! 

Barley 

Butter 

Cheese 

Milk 



Total, 



860.00 

100.00 

60.00 

30.00 

80.00 
40.00 
45.00 
45.00 
40.00 
30.00 
20.00 

72.00 
90.00 
18.00 

64.00 
64.00 
32.00 

77.00 
33.00 



81000.00 



24 
40 
24 
12 

67 ) 
33 I ••• 
50 1 
50 ]■ "• 
44.4^ 
33.3 [ ... 
22.2 \ 

40 
50 
10 

40 
40 
20 

70 
30 



■ 8250.00 

...8120.00-^ 

... 90.00 [-8300.00 

... 90.00 -I 

' 8180.00 



.8160.00 



.8110.00 



81000.00 



25 
30 

18 

16 

11 

100 



In order to prepare tliese items for representation in a diagram, tiie subdivisions of each class must be 
reduced to percentages of the total sum of its class, which is done by annexing two ciphers and then dividing 
by this sum, as is shown in the column headed " Per Cent, of Each to Total of its Class." It will be seen that the 
sum of each of these groups of percentages is 100. Where many items help to make up a total, and we wish 
to obtain the percentage of each, it is sometimes more convenient to first ascertain the value of one per cent., 
and then using this as a multiplier, find by a series of multiplications the value of each ; but if the number of 
items is small, their proportion may be found by a series of divisions. 

Having computed these percentages, construct a square, and on one side lay off distances proportioned to 
the percentage of the principal classas. Thus, upon the side a, /, the division a, b is 25 per cent.; b, c, 30 per 
cent.; c, d, 18 per cent.; d, e, 16 per cent., and e,f, 11 per cent. 
The horizontal belt, containing the numbers 1 to 4, represents 
the receipts from Stock ; that of 5 to 11, from Grain; that of 
12 to 14, from the Dairy ; that of 15 to 17, from Fruits, and 
that of 18 to 19, from Cordwood. These spaces are then sub- 
divided proportionally, so that the areas represent the relative 
amount of each subdivision, the relation it bears to its class, 
and its proportion to the whole. This class of diagrams has its 
etfect heightened by tinting the subdivisions with shades of 
color. Where the data exist for constructing these for a series 
of years each year should have a separate square, which would 
be larger or smaller, according as the total production was more 
or less than that of other years. 

In selecting the scale for such a series of squares, reference 
should be had to the requirements of the year showing the 
largest aggregates ; and in fixing upon the sizes of those for 
other years, it should be remembered that the areas of similar 
figures are to each other as the squares of similar lines. If we would find the length of the sides of the squares 
that would be proportional in area to a given series, we should take the square rooti of these numbers as the 
basis of our calculation. 



1 2 1 3 4 

1 
i 




5 


7 


9 




10 




8 




6 




11 




12 


13 14 


d 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


r 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



13 



We will suppose, for example, that the total production, in the course of five years, amounts to $2500, 
$G400, $8100, and $10,000, and that we wish to construct squares that shall be proportional in area to 
these quantities. The square roots of these numbers are 50, 60, 80, 90, and 100. If a square, 6 inches on a 
side, be assumed to represent the largest of these, the sides of the others would be found by the rule of propor- 
tion to be 3, 3.6, 4.8, and 5.4 inches respectively. The same rule would apply to diameters, if we wish to 
represent the series by circular areas. 

Had the successful farmer, with his amj)le estates (the fruit of many a year's labor), the data for presenting 
these details in a series of squares of this kind, the first ones small, with but few subdivisions, indicating the 
humble beginnings of a young man dependent upon his own industry for support, yet growing larger and more 
complex as his wealth increases and his resources became more ample and varied, what a record of a life would 
this series present ! 

In a succession of these .squares, if colors are used, the same tints should be applied to the same object 
through the whole series.* 

A simple mode of representing to the eye the relative amount of qualities is by means of lines of different 
length. These should be even at one end so as to show their differences more effectually at the other. The 
following illustration will explain itself: 



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 | 


104 
173 
125 
214 
193 
94 






































1 
























1 






























































































































^^^ 


1 


MM 











This mode is applicable to all measures of time or distance, or of quantity other than those of superficial 
area or solid contents. 

(Nos. 5 to 17.) PERIODICAL EVENTS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE SEASONS. 

We have frequent occasion to notice events that indicate the relative forwardness or lateness of the seasons. 
It is not unusual, in case of a remarkably late spring, or an uncommonly severe winter, or in any other incident 
out of the common course of events, to remark that the like was never known before, or that it was not within 
the memory of the "oldest inhabitant." This reliance upon memory and traditions is at least very unsatisfac- 
tory and is quite apt to mislead. 

To afford a convenient and satisfactory means of reference, a series of tables, luimbered from 5 to 17, has 
been provided, which may be classified as follows : 

Operatio.vs op Husbandry \ [^'X ^«.?»"""y of f/d- Time. 

( Co.; " of Harvest. 

Cultivated Fruits ^ (7.) Eirst Blossoms of Cultivated Fruit- Trees. 

I (8.) " Ripeninff of Cultivated Fruits. 

Wild Fruits ^ ^^'^ ^"^' Blossoming of Wild Fruit-Bearing Plants. 
1(10.) " Ripening of Wild Fruits. 

Orna.me.ntal and Wild Plants ^ '^^'-^ ^'"' Blossoming of Cultivated Ornamental Plants. 

((12.) " " of Wild Plants. 

Periodical Appearance in Animal Life. | f J?\^ ^f"' Appearance of Birds in Spring. 

((14.) 0/ I i-shes, Reptiles, and Insects. 

f(15.) First Use of Garden Products. 

Other Periodical Events j (16.) Periodical Events dependent upon the Seasons. 

((17.) Menwrahle Events. 

* An elementary book of instructions for the preparation of diagrams for the graphic illustration of numbers is in course of preparation by 
the author of this volume. It may be followed by a more el.aborate work upon this subject, in which the application of these methods will be 
shown as applied to scientific subjects and other purposes of study and illustration. 



14 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



Tliese dates should always be noted down at the time of their occurrence, leaving; nothing to the memory 
or a more convenient time. In observing tlie blossoming and ripening of fruit-trees, the appearance and fall 
of leaves, etc., it is desirable that the observations should he made from year to year, so far as possible, on the 
same trees ; and in like manner, the opening and closing of rivers or lakes should be upon the same waters, 
as differences due to local causes might otherwise impair their value for comparison. In tables 16 and 16 A, 
the names of the lakes or streams observed as to freezing or opening should be written in at the head of the 
column, in the dotted space jjrovided for this purpose. 

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 

The farmer, like the mariner, has mucii depending upon the seasons and the weather, and both may be 
largely benefited by a careful observation of the indications of coming change, as shown by the barometer, and 
other meteorological instruments. So carefully have these laws of change been studied, and so well is the 
movement of storms now known, that predictions are made with reasonable certainty many hours before any 
actual changes are visible in the sky, and sufficiently in advance to provide against many of the disasters that 
might otherwise happen.* 

Pages are provided in this volume for entering the monthly results of meteorological observations, which, 
if carefully kept, would in time afford a most interesting and profitable subject for reference, and their value 
would increase from year to year. For common purposes, three observations might be made daily, — at the 
hours of 7 A.M., 2 p.m., and 9 p.m., which are those fixed by the blanks furnished to voluntary observers by 
the Signal Service.! 

(No. 18.) WINDS. 

The prevailing direction from which the winds blow in the forenoon and afternoon might be entered in two 
columns, and the sum of these halves, reduced to days, should be entered at the end of each month in this 
Register. Their sum would, of course (added to the days of calm), make the number of days in the year. If 
the number of days from different points were equal, both or all should be entered in the column of " Prevailing 
Winds." 

The resultant is the mean direction that the winds have l)lown during a given period, and the relative 
amount of time they have blown in this direction. The mode of ascertaining this may be explained as follows : 
Let us suppose that during a month the number of days the wind has blown from the different points has 
been as follows : 

North, 4.07 days. East, 0.5 days. i Northeast, 1.50 days. I Southeast, 1.85 days. 

South, 5.85 " I West, 6.32 " | Southwest, 3.88 " | Northwest, 7.48 " 

By subtracting the opposite amounts, as here placed, and prefixing the names of the greater, the eight jioints are 
reduced to four, viz. : S., 1.78 ; W., 6.27 ; S. W., 2.38 ; and N. W., 5.63 days. The 
quantity 2.38 from the southwest may be considered as representing a certain distance 
South and West, as the line A, C, in the triangle here shown, represents a distance 
southward from A to B, and westward from B to C. These distances are readily 
found in a Traverse Table (each acute angle of this triangle being 45°), and will be 
found equivalent to S. 1.68, and W. 1.68. In like manner, analyze the distance N. W. 
5.63, and it will be found to be N. 4.01, and W. 4.01. Again subtracting, as before, 
the principal opposite points, S. 1.78, W. 6.27, 

S. 1.68, W. 1.68, 

N. 4.01, W. 4.01 (and adding those with like letters pre- 

fixed), and we have N. 0.55, and W. 11.96 as the result. These distiinces may be represented by the lines 




* Blanks for recording meteorological observations are furnished upon application to the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army 
(Division of Telegrams and Reports, for the benefit of Commerce and Agriculture), Washington, D. C. These blanks give instructions for their 
use. They may be easily constructed by ruling the pages of a blank book, of foolscap-paper size, and in this form are more convenient for 
reference than folded sheets. 

f The blanks issued by the English meteorological office to stations of the second order are arranged for records made at 9 A.M. and 
9 P.M. Whatever hours arc adopted at the beginning of the record should be continued afterwards ; otherwise the comparison between different 
years would be liable to mislead. The time of observation should be as near the regular hours as possible, and the reading of the instruments 
should be noted down in pencil at the time they arc taken, so as not to be trusted to the memory until entered in the Register. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



15 




A, B, and B, C, of the annexed triangle, in which the length of the sides corresponds with these quantities, 
and the problem remaining is to ascertain the angle at B, and the length of the hypothenuse B, C. This 
ano-le will be the average direction, or resultant, of all the winds during „ g^ ^ 

the month, and the length of the line B, C will show the value or rela- 
tive amount of this average expressed in days. It proves, in this case, "■^^' N.W, -g 
to be N. 87° 22' W., and its value as 11.96 days. The problem is the same as if we were wishing to find 
the direction and distance of a ship from her starting point, if sailing with the wind, during a month. Unless 
the velocity of the wind is measured, we cannot determine the actual angle and value of the resultant, and 
practically, for purposes of comparison, the motion may be calculated as uniform, the result being in every 
instance but approximately exact. 

The prevailing direction and general character of the winds may be shown to the eye by simple diagrams, 
usually called " Wind Rose«." There are many ways of representing them, some of which are here shown. 

Draw lines at right angles and obliquely, to represent 
the eight points of the compass (the top being con- 
sidered north, as in maps). Then assuming that a 
given distance, measured from the centre, shall repre- 
sent a given time, say 10 days to an inch, lay off on 
these lines, from the centre, the distances correspond- 
ing with the number of days that the wind has blown 
from these several points. Then connect these points 
bv a line, and we have an irregular figure, elongated and enlarged, in the direction from which the prevailing 
winds blew. The construction of these figures requires no computation beyond the simple addition of the days. 
By linking the resultants of different months together, one at the end of the other, we have a broken 
line which strikingly represents the direction of tiie winds in the different months of the year. The accom- 
]>anying figure has twelve sections or links, corres- -^^'*'~~^ 

ponding with the twelve months, and might repre- ^>^ ^^\ ^ 

sent the prevailing course of the wind in these several - • "--^ ^ 

mouths. In order to draw such a figure accurately, ' ' ' ResuUanta of the Mo»tha of a Year. • 

the angles should be carefully laid down from a protractor, and the lengths of the sections by a scale. The 
line would seldom be as regular as here shown. Another mode of representation is by means of a polygon, 
which may be constructed as follows : Having found the number of days that the wind has blown from 
different points, lay off from a point, on a scale say of 10 days to an inch, a line vertically up, proportioned 
in length to the number of days that the wind has blown from the north. Then, from the end of 
that line, another to the northeast (the top of the drawing being considered as north), and so on, 
for each point of the compass to the northwest. The point wiiere the drawing ends, by its direction 
and distance from the point of beginning, will show the direction and value of the resultant. 
These polygons will be elongated vertically if the station is in a valley running north and south, 
or horizontally if the valley runs oast and west. 

The effect of local influences in giving direction to the wind is always noticed, and where 
ranges of hills or valleys exist the surface current conforms to their direction. In wide, open 
fe I plains, however, the course of the wind is generally that of the upper currents, as shown by the 

\S' ,• direction of the clouds. 

The resultant of winds in different months or years may also be represented by arrows 
and other devices. At regular stations for meteorological observations, instruments called Ane- 
mometers are used for finding the velocity of the winds. The one most commonly employed is 
Robinson's Anemometer, consisting of four hemispherical cups, attached 
by arms of equal length to an upright spindle. The cups have their 
hollow side open on the same side as regards the arms to which they are 
attached, so that the wind striking the hollow with more force than the 
convex surface of the cups, causes the instrument to revolve. A very 
slight breeze is sufficient to give it motion, and in a strong wind the ''''"''' "' ^^"''''' ^- ^• 

motion is very rapid. An endless screw on the spindle gives motion to a series of wheels which indicate, 



Whids at 

KituUrhnuk, 

N. Y. 




16 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



and sometimes register, tiie velocity. Tlieoretically, the centre of each cup moves with one-third the velocity 
of the wind, whatever may be the length of the arms that support it ; but in practice, some allowance must be 
made for friction, and the smaller instruments record le.ss than the larger ones. 

The velocity and pressure of the wind are sometimes represented by numbers, as follows, the Ibrce varying 
as the square of the velocity. 



No. 


Character. 


Velocity in 

Miles 
per Hour. 


Pressure in 
Pounds per 
Square Foot. 


No. 


Character. 


Velocity in 

Miles 
per Hour. 


Pressure in 
Pounds per 
Square Foot. 


1 




2 
4 

12* 
25 


0.02 
0.08 
0.75 
3.00 
6. 


6 
7 
8 
9 
10 




45 
60 
70 
80 
100 


10 


9 




Strong gale. 


18 


3 


Pleasant, brisk 

Very brisk 

High wind 


24 


4 




31 


5 


35 


Most violent hurricane.... 


49 



The mean velocity of the wind through the year varies in diiferent places, being from nine to fourteen 
miles i)er hour, and more in the winter than at other seasons. Taking the general average, it is least at 
sunri.se and greatest at 2 p.m. 

The surface winds often blow in a different direction from the upper currents, as shown by the motion of 
the clouds, and in changeable weather different currents may often be noticed in the region of the clouds. We 
shall have occasion to refer on a subsequent page to the indications of weather shown by the winds in respect 
to storms. The winds may have a strong upward direction, as in a hail-storm, by which drops of water and 
smaller hailstones in descending are caught and carried into a region of intense cold. This upward current 
is common in ordinary thunder-storms and local showers. The currents of air may have a descending course, 
as is supposed to be the case with the " northers," which are cold and intensely chilling winds that occur at 
certain seasons of the year in Texas. 

(No. 19.) DEPTH OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW. 

These are ascertained by means of gauges placed in situations not exposed to influences that might increase 
or diminish the amount of water received. Various forms of rain and snow-gauges have been used, the simplest 
being a cylinder with an arrangement for measuring the depth in inches, either by directly applying a scale, or 
by pouring the contents into a graduated measuring glass. The snow-gauge is always best made of the latter 
form, and should be of sufficient depth to hold any ordinary fall of snow. The contents may be pres.sed down 
from time to time, and, for ascertaining the amount, must be melted, and then measured in the same manner as 
rain-water. The measurements should be made as soon after the rain or snowfall is over as may be convenient, 
or if the fiill be abundant or long continued two observations may be made, and their sum entered. The time 
of beginning and end of rain or snowfall should be entered in proper columns. 

The amount of rain caught by a gauge depends much on the location, it being, as a rule, more at the earth's 
surface than on the roof of a building, and more on the latter than on a high tower. The best location is there- 
fore in a box sunk in the ground, with the mouth of the gauge a little above the surface of the earth, and some 
rods distant from any roof, tree, or other object that could intercept the rain, increase the amount, or otherwise 
vary the quantity from that due to an open space. The area of the gauge is immaterial, one of small size being 
theoretically equal to a larger one ; cylinders of common tinned iron, lacquered, a foot or more long, and about 
two inches in diameter, with slender graduated scales for direct measurement of depth, were formerly supplied 
by the Smithsonian Institution to its meteorological observers. They could be sent by mail, and answered a 
good purpose; but it would always be best to procure these instruments, with their proper means of measurements, 
as made by special manufacturers. 

Besides measuring the amount of melted snow, it is desirable to record, as nearly as may be, the depth of 
the snow itself, — an observation not easy to make where it has drifted. It can, however, be found with some 
degree of accuracy by taking the average of several measurements in a place sheltered from the winds. 

Unusual rain or snowfidls, floods, etc., may be entered in Table No. 17, as "Memorable Events," and the 
general character of the seasons as " wet," " dry," " deep snows," " open winter," etc., in Table No. 26. Similar 



THE AMERICA^/ FAIl.M REGISTER. 17 



r;iin-gaugc.s, observed witli equal care, will jjoiuetinies show discrepanoies within a distance of a mile or two that 
almost impair confidence ; hut the differences will be generally found due to passing showers, or other assignable 
causes. 

The number of rainy or snowy days, or days on which rain or snow fell in sufficient quantity for measure- 
ment, is an interesting item, and a column for this is given on Table Xo. 25. At some stations the direction of 
the winds that bring rain are recorded. Winds from the sea, and continuing several liours, generally bring rain, 
especially in winter. It is now generally conceded that most of our rains come from moisture evaporated from 
oceans, and brought over the land by wiiuls. In certain regions the winds are deprived of their moisture by 
being carried over mountains, and a district entirely rainless may occur on one side of a chain of mountains 
while the other side has abundant rains. 

liahifdll ill Woodlands. — The effect of woodlands njjon the rainfall, temperature, and evaporation is now 
being carefully studied in several places in Europe. Where opportunities occur, the observer may add to the 
existing fund of knowledge upon this subject by establishing a comparative series of observations. A report 
upon Forestry, made by the author of these pages under authority of Congress, and published in 1878, will be 
found to afford all the information necessary for the placing aud care of instruments. It will be sufficient here 
to say, that such observations should be made in a place wholly within the influence of the woods, and selected 
as affording the average amount of shelter and shade. The place should be enclosed by a fence to prevent intru- 
sion or injury. In all cases there should be for comparison a similar series of observations made in the open fields 
at some distance from the forest, so as not to be affected by it. In European stations for this study, self-record- 
\n<X instruments are employed, and the readings are made twice a day. 

(No. 20.) TEMPERATURE OF THE OPEN MR. 

The thermometer observed should be placed in the open air, sheltered by a little roof, and ])rotected from the 
direct or reflected heat of the sun. Extreme cold can only be measured by a spirit thermometer, and greatest 
heat and cold only by a self-recording thermometer. In measuring the temperature of the soil at different 
depths, a square box is placed in the ground to the desired depth, and into this a wooden block is fitted which 
carries a thermometer, sunk into one side so as not to be exposed to injury. This is drawn out for observation, 
and then returned to its jilace. To prevent the effect of changes during the reading, the bulb should be enclosed 
in a thick glass covering, which, being a slow conductor of heat, would not allow the temperature to be changed 
perceptibly when taken up for observation. The thermometers commonly used in this country and England 
have the Fahrenheit scale, in which the zero point is 32° below freezing, and the boiling point of water is at 212°. 
It is highly important that the minus sign ( — ) should not be omitted in recording temperatures below zero. The 
Centigrade or Celsius scale is much more convenient for scientific determinations, and, if once accustomed to it, 
would be found best for common use. Some thermometers have both scales attached. The zero of this scale is 
at the freezing point, and 100 at the point where water boils. In Germany and Russia the Reaumur thermome- 
ter was formerly much used, in which the zero is at the freezing and 80° at the boiling point of water.* The 
boiling point becomes less as we tiscend above sea level, and the temperature of boiling water becomes a rude 
means of determining the altitude of mountains. 

Water Theriiiometers are small thermometers inclosed in a cylindrical case of metal, with a valve at the 
bottom opening upward. When sunk in a river or lake the water parses through, and when drawn up the valve 
closes, bringing up water of the temperature at the lowest depth to which the instrument has been sunk. We 
are thus able to obtain the temperature of waters at different depths. 

The temperature of the atmosphere diminishes as we pass from the equator towards the poles, and with 
much greater rapidity as we rise above the surface, so that at elevations of a mile or two in summer, in temperate 

* Tables for changing each one of these scales into the other are given in works upon Meteorology. The following rules will serve in their 
absence : 

1. To change Fahrenheit to CentUjrarle : subtract 32, and multiply remainder by |. 

2. To change Fahrenheit to Reaumur : subtract 32, and multiply remainder by |. 

3. To change Centigrade to Fahrenheit : multiply by f, and add 32. 

4. To change lieaumur to Fahrenheit : multiply by |, and add 32. 

5. To change Centigrade to Reaumur : multiply by J. 

6. To change Reaumur to C^ntigratle: multiply bv J. 

3 



18 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



climates, we would reach the freezuig point. The regions of interplanetarv space are doubtless intensely cold*. 
The range ©f temperature at a given place is usually, within the northern States, from 100° to 140° in the 
year. In more southern latitudes it is less. In dry regions, as on the western plains, tiie daily range is very 
much greater than in humid valleys. It is found that a naoist atmosphere prevents the cooling of tlie earth by 
night, and the formation of dew. This explains the reason of a remark often made, that a still clear night in 
summer, without dew, is an indication of rain. A moist atmosphere is a good conductor of sound, and hence the 
reason why sounds are sometimes heard at great distances before a rain. 

The tempei'ature of the air is affected by congelation and by the melting of ice and snow, in the former a 
certain amount of latent heat being given out, and in the latter absorbed. In like manner the condensation of 
vapor into rain or snow, and evaporation, have opposite tendencies ; the former evolving and the latter absorbing 
latent heat. The temperature varies much less over cloudy than over clear districts, and less in valleys than 
on hills and j)lains. It is warmer on one side of an area of low or high pressure tiian the other, and generally 
warmer in advance of a storm-centre., and colder in the rear. 

As an illustration of the relation of teniperature over extensive regions to barometric pressure at distant 
points, it is stated that severe frosts and cold have frequently been experienced in Great Britain and Western 
Europe, traceable directly to an abnormally high pressure of the atmospliere over Iceland, precipitating a power- 
ful polar current of air towards the southeast continuously for periods of two or three weeks.f 

(No. 21.) BAROMETER. 

This instrument shows the pressure of the atmosphere, and, more than any other, is relied upon by 
meteorologists for indications of the approach of storms. It is in very general use on board of ships at sea, and 
should come much more into use among farmers. There are two forms of this instrument depending upon 
diffei'ent principles, — the mercurial barometer (sometimes carrying a dial-plate for indicating changes by an index), 
and the aneroid barometer, wiiich is made entirely of metal, may be easily carried without derangement, and is 
sometimes made in form for jjocket use. For careful observations the mercurial barometer, witli means for 
adjusting the mercury in the cistern to a fixed level, and an inclosed thermometer for showing its temperature, 
should be used. For comparisons between different stations, and for .scientific purposes, corrections should be 
applied for temperature and altitude, so as to reduce the record to what would be observed at sea-level. Tables 
and rules for applying these corrections have been published, and may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, at Washington, Taking the average of observations upon the barometer, after applying corrections for 
temperature and altitude, we find the pressure, one year with another, about 29.927 inches at the equator. It 
increases as we go north to about 32° of latitude, where the mean is 30.21 inches, and it then diminishes to 64° ; 
and beyond that it again increases as f;ir northward as observations have been made. In going south from the 
equator, we notice a similar but much less distinct increase, and beyond 25° of latitude a very considerable fall- 
ing off, so that at 70° south latitude it is only 28.88 inches. These inequalities are due to the prevailing winds 
in different regions of the earth. 

The monthly means of pressure in middle latitudes do not vary much, being generally less in summer than 
in winter. There is also a daily range, the greatest pressure on the general average occurring between 9 and 10 
A.M., and the least between 3 and 5 p.m. There is also a less rise about 10 P.M., and a less fell at 4 a.m. This 
diurnal oscillation is greatest at the equator, where it is a little over a tenth of an inch, and it diminishes towards 
the poles, so that in high latitudes it is barely perceptible. Tiiese daily changes are due to the action of the sun's 
heat, and to changes in the amount of vapor present in the atmosphere, with a slight fluctuation due to the 
moon's attraction. 

* The decrease of temperature upward is much greater near the surface than at a higher elevation, and is more in a clear sky than in cloudy 
weather. The rate varies with the latitude, the season of the year, and the hour of the day; being more rapid in warm than in cold climates, and 
in summer than in winter, and by day than by night. It is also found to depend closely upon the pressure of the atmosphere as shown by the 
barometer, and, after ascending a mile or so, the rise and fall of the barometer and thermometer very nearly coincide, a change of one inch in the 
former corres])onding with two and a half degrees of the latter. Any influence that causes a depression of the barometer is accompanied by a 
cooling of the atmosphere, and tends to the formation of clouds. 

It has been calculated that the temperature of space, beyond the vicinity of planetary bodies, is from — 00° to — SO" of the Fahrenheit scale. 
Were it not for our atmosphere the temperature at the earth's surface would be alternately intensely hot or intensely cold, according as the place 
was exposed to the sun or shaded from it. This condition must exist on the moon's surface, there being no perceptible atmosphere around that body. 
t Practical Vae of Meteorological Reports au<t W'catlier jWr-jM.— Circular of Chief Signal Officer, p. 23. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



10 



ISOBAROMETRIC LINES SHOWING IN INCHES THE MEAN ANNUAL ATMOS- 
PHERIC PRESSURE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



If we compare the indications of the barometer as they exist siniiiltaneously over wide areas of country 
(as is done three times daily, from telegraphic reports, by the Signal Service), it will be found that there are cer- 
tain areas of high, and other areas of low pressure of the barometer. Lines drawn through points of equal 
pressure are called " Isobarometric Lines," or simply " Isobaries" or " Isobars." The areas that these lines in- 
close may vary from a few miles in diameter, as in tornadoes, to several hundred miles, as in general and widely 
extending storms. Usually areas of low pressure are much less in extent and more regular in form than those of 
high pressure. If we could obtain instantaneous reports from the whole surface of the earth, we would always 
find several of these areas of low pressure surrounded by those of high pressure, and one or more of them ari; 
constantlv seea with more or less distinctness upon the weather-maps published thrice daily by the Signal Service 
office. 

Taking the mean results of months and years, we find that in certain great regions the mean annual 
atmospheric pressure is habitually lower than in others, as is shown by the following map : 

Areas of low jiressure are usu- 
ally areas of cloudy and stormy 
weather, if the moisture of the at- 
mosphere be sufficient. They vary 
in extent according to the prevail- 
ing conditions of temperature and 
moisture of the regions over which 
they 2)ass, becoming smaller where 
the air is dryer. It does not follow 
that every area of low pressure is a 
storm, or even an area of cloudy 
weather ; but it may be safely said 
that no extensive storm occurs ex- 
cept within such areas. 

North of 30° north latitude 
these areas of high and low pres- 
sure, as well as of extreme depres- 
sions of the temperature, move 
eastward, but soutii of 30° their 
course in summer is usually west- 
ward. Originating on the western borders of the continent, or coming from beyond, they move at a rate 
which may amount to fifty miles an hour, but which is usually less than thirty miles, and, travelling with great 
regularity, they pass off upon the Atlantic, and may even reach Europe in some cases. 

A storm-area coming fi-om the Pacific, may afford abundant rains at certain seasons on passing over the 
Sierra Nevadas and the Rocky Mountains. It may pass over the plains without rain, but on coming over the 
comparatively moist air of the Mississippi Valley condensation may again begin, and if there be considerable 
moisture, heavy rains may attend its course. 

The Great Lakes appear to attract these areas of low pressure northeastward ; they hang tenaciously over 
them, and move slowly away from them. This northeasterly tendency is greatest in earlv autumn, while in 
winter it is eastward. 

The approach of a storm appears to be precedetl by an increase of temperature in the upper regions, due 
apjiarently to the evolution of latent heat by condensation. It is followed by the formation of cirrus clouds, 
which precede by some hours the formation of rain-clouds. Around the borders of an area of low pressure, 
thunder-showers and other local disturbances are frequently observed. The lowest pressure of a storm-area is 
felt after the rain has begun to fall. Strong winds in autumn on the lakes and in northwestern States, with 
little or no rain, are caused by disturbances moving southeastward from British North America, and in midwinter 
there is sometimes seen a storm travelling from north to south; but these are rare. They arc characterized bv 
continuous snow, succeeded by cold, dry weather. 

Thunder-storms are usually local in extent, and the winds may gyrate either to the right or left, according 
to the local influences. They may generally be explained by Professor Espy's theory of storms, as caused by 




THE AMERICAN FAliM h'EGJSTEh'. 



as(!ending currents of lieated air, occasioned by unequal exposure to the sun's heat on particular parts of the 
earth's surface. 

By turning over the pages of daily charts ])ublished by the Signal Service, it will be seen that the area of 
low or of liigh pressure of one day may be generally recognized further eastward the next, until they have passed 
off upon the Atlantic, to be succeeded by others from the west. 

It is from the knowledge obtained by telegraph, from many widely distributed points, by means of care- 
fully placed instruments in charge of trained observers, as to the approach, extent, direction, and character of 
these areas of low pressure, that the Signal Service is able to announce, sometimes many hours in advance, and 
in more than nine cases in ten with correctness, the path of an approaching storm, and the probable character 
of the weatlier for the coming day. From these intimations of a storm of large area that may be passing over 
the region beyond the Mississippi, it is able to display cautionary signals at all the posts and stations that may 
require it on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic Coast, so that vessels may take heed and be prepared for 
rough weather, and it has been proposed to establish such signals throughout the country for the benefit of 
farmers generally. 

As a general rule the tendency of winds is hrwcird towards the centre of loio areas of the barometer, and 
oxdward from high areas. But the motion of the 
earth upon its axis gives in both cases, in north 
latitudes, a tendency toivards the right from the 
radial line. These tendencies are shown in the 
accompanying diagrams by arrows ; but practically 
the direction of the wind is towards some point 
between these, generally 30° to 40°, or, in severe 
storms and cyclones, at times 80° of angle from 
the radial line. 

The changes of the wind on the approach of an 
area of low pressure, will vary according as it 
passes centrally or marginally over a given place. 
The following table represents these changes as they are generally observed in a passing storm-area, unless 
influenced by local irregularities of surface.* 




DIRECTION OF WINDS IN A PASSING STORM. 



Place op Observer, with respect 


Prevailing Winds, 


Prevailing Winds, 


TO Areas of Low or High Pressure. 


Low Pressure Area. 


High Pressure Area. 


On the N. Side. 


N. and E. 


S. and W. 


On the N. W. Side. 


N. W. and N. E. 


S. E. and S. W. 


On the W. Side. 


W. and N. 


E. and S. 


On the S. W. Side. 


S. W. and N. W. 


N. E. and S. E. 


On the S. Side. 


S. and W. 


N. and E. 


On the S. E. Side. 


S. E. and S. W. 


N. W. and N. E. 


On the E. Side. 


E. and S. 


W. and N. 


On the N. E. Side. 


N. E. and S. E. 


S. W. and N. W. 



The laws that regulate the winds and their relation to barometric pressure are therefore extremely im- 
portant. In a region of mountains and valleys the inequalities of surface may often give a local direction 
along their course, although the prevailing direction of the clouds may show a general direction across them. 
These general winds are usually dependent upon the position of high and low areas of the barometer. Besides 



* The friction of the earth's surface has a greater influence upon strong than upon feeble winds, and this does more to retard the tangential 
than the centripetal motion in the neighborhood of an area of low pressure. Hence, in severe land-storms the winds blow more directly towards 
the centre of low area than on the sea. The velocity of the winds at some hundreds of feet above the surface is often very much greater than at 
the surfacCj as shown by the shadows of passing clouds. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 21 



tliese local and s:eneral winds, there are great currents encircling tlie earth and extending over whole continents, 
that are largely influenced, if not entirely dei)endent upon the rotation of the earth upon its axis, which also 
gives direction to the motion in whirlwinds and storms. 

The winds may blow in an ascending or descending direction as well as horizontally, and in fact such winds 
form a prominent feature in tornadoes and waterspouts, the currents in the centre of such violent movements 
being upward at the centre, and downward at the outer edge. 

HUMIDITY. 

Perhaps no class of observations has more direct value in the study of climate, than that relating to humidity ; 
but this inquiry has been very frequently omitted from records that were otherwise carefully made. For rude ap- 
proximations, the Hygronu'tcr, depending for its indications upon the expansion or contraction of animal or vege- 
table substances as they become moist or dry, has long been employed ; but the instrument now generally used 
depends upon other principles, and affords data much more complete and reliable. This is the Psychrometer, con- 
sisting of a pair of thermometers, as nearly alike as they can be made, and placed side by side in a case exposed 
freely to the air, but sheltered from the weather. One of these has its bulb covered with muslin cloth. A few 
minutes before the observation is made this cloth-covered bulb is wet with water, when the evaporation from 
the surface will generally cool it down to a certain degree where the cooling will stop. The difl'ei'ence between 
the two thermometers read at that time, which is little or nothing in damp weather, but considerable in dry 
weather, will afford, by the aid of tables calculated for the purpose, two important elements, viz., the absolute 
and the relative humidity of the air at the time of observation. A few words of explanation will be given with 
respect to these terms. 

(No. 22.) ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY. 
The absolute humidity of the atmosphere — sometimes called the "tension," or the "elastic force" of the 
a(pieous vapor — is always observable, because the atmosphere is never absolutely dry. Above tlie boiling point 
of water this elastic force becomes, in the form of steam, a mechanical power of great utility and very general 
use. At lower temperatures it is perceptible only by its effects, as shown by the psychrometer. The laws which 
govern the j)ressure of aqueous vapor have been carefully studied, and tables are computed for showing its 
amount at all temperatures ever observed in the open air, and for all differences ever occurring between the wet 
and dry bidb thermometers. The absolute moisture is represented by the height of a column of mercury which 
it would support, measured in English inohes, or in millimeters, according as the tables are calculated. Both classes 
of tables are published, and can be easily obtained from the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington. The 
height of column representing this element of calculation varies between 0.009 inch at 30°, and nearly two 
inches (1.988) at 101.2° Fahr. It is much greater in the summer months than in winter, and in warm than 
in cold climates, because the rate increases rapidly as the temperature is raised. 

(No. 23.) RELATIVE HUMIDITY. 

Air that is absolutely dry (a condition not actually known in common observations), is rej)resented 
by 0. Air saturated with moisture (as during a rain, or in a damp fog), is marked 100. The interme- 
diate degrees vary according to the conditions of the atmosphere, the percentage being higher in winter than in 
summer, although the absolute moisture is greater in the latter than in the former. At stations in or very near 
woodlands both the absolute and the relative moisture are greater than in the open fields, and the relative 
difference is very considerably more in the summer time, and during the season of active vegetation, than at 
other seasons of the year. Tiiis is partly due to the evaporation then going on from the foliage (which at the 
same time adds to the amount of moisture, and by the cooling process of evaporation reduces the capacity of the 
air for moisture), and partly to the greater shelter from sun and winds which woodlands in full leaf afford. 

The "dew point," is the temperature at which dew begins to form on the outside of a bright metallic vessel 
when water is placed in it and cooled down. The "complement of the dew point" is the difference between the 
temperature of the air and the dew point. This ranges usually from 10° to 15°, occasionally amounting to 25° 
and 30°, and in India it has been known to rise to 61°, and elsewhere even to 78°. This latter difference rep- 
I'esents but 6 per cent, of relative humiditv. Besides changing with the seasons, the relative humidity fluctuates 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



during tlie diurnal jieriod, being least about an hour before sunrise, after a part of the vapors have been pre- 
cipitated as dew in the cool of the night, and greatest a little before sunset, when the air has been exposed many 
hours to the sun's heat. The mean diurnal variation of relative humidity varies in different places according 
to local influences, and at Philadelphia it amounts to an eighth part of the average amount of vapor in the 
atmosjjhere. 

Besides the instrumental observations above mentioned, designed to indicate the condition and approaching 
changes of the weather, there are others less definite as to their character, but scarcely less certain, which are due 
to the amount of moisture present in the atmosphere, the temperature, and direction of wind in the region of the 
clouds, and other circumstances that deserve attention. They can best be learned from habitual observation, 
and may vary in different countries according as the prevailing winds pass over the sea or the land, or whether 
they pass over high mountains or level plains before reaching the place of observation, and as other influences of 
a general or local nature may affect the weather. 

The following indications are mentione 1 as worthy of notice. They are partly derived from the publica- 
tions of the meteorological oflfice of the English Board of Trade: 

Something may be judged of the weather from the color of a clear sky. The purer the air, the deeper is its 
azure tint. The sky is bluer after a rain, and a pale blue tint betokens a coming rain. Tiie sky is bluer in 
equatorial regions than towards the poles, and increases as we ascend till it becomes almost black. The redness 
of the evening sky is caused by the condensation of vapor and the absorption of the violet rays of light, while 
the red rays, being not absorbed, are transmitted to the observer. It is usually regarded, whether the sky is 
clear or cloudy, as a promise of fair weather ; but the presence of a red sky in the morning indicates an excess 
of moisture, and is a presage of wind and rain. A whitish yellow tint in the west after sunset, extending high 
up, is an indication »? rain. A purple tint of the sky at sunset, M'ith a bright blue in the zenith, is followed by 
fine weather. A high dawn foretells wind ; a low dawn, fair weather. Soft-looking or delicate clouds foretell 
fine weather, with moderate or light breezes; hard-edged, oily looking clouds, wind. A dark, gloomy blue sky 
is windy, but a light blue sky indicates fine weather. Generally, the softer clouds look, the less wind, (but per- 
haps more rain) may be expected, and tiie harder, more rolled, tufted, or ragged, the stronger the coming wind 
will prove. A bright yellow sky at sunset presages wind ; a pale yellow, wet. Small inky clouds foretell rain ; 
liglit scud clouds, driving across heavy masses, show wind and rain ; but, if alone, may indicate wind only. 

High upper clouds crossing the sun, moon, or stars in a direction different from that of the lower clouds, 
or the wind when felt below, foretell in middle latitudes a change of wind. 

After fine, clear weather, the first signs in the sky of a coming change are usually light streaks, curls, wisps, 
or mottled jiatches of white, distant clouds, which increase, and are followed by an overcasting of murky vapor 
that grows into cloudiness. This appearance, more or less oily or watery as wind and rain will prevail, is an 
infallible sign. Usually the higher and more distant such clouds seem to be, the more gradual but general the 
coming change of weather will prove. 

Ijight, delicate, quiet tints or colors, with soft, undefined forms of clouds, indicate and accompany fine 
weatiier; but gaudy or unusual hues, with hard, definitely outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably wind. 
Misty clouds forming or hanging on heights show wind and rain coming, if they remain, increase, or descend ; 
if they rise or disperse, the weather will improve or become fine. 

Birds and animals appear to have by instinct some consciousness in approaching changes. Wiien sea-birds 
fly out early and far seaward, moderate wind and fair weather; if they hang about the land stormy weather may 
be expected. Swallows and other birds of long flight will hang about home and fly low before a rain, and 
animals will sometimes seek shelter-places before other indications of a storm are seen. The smoke of chimneys 
spreading out or falling indicates an unfavorable change. Morning dews or fogs are indications of a fair day. 

Haloes, or circles around the sun or moon, and Parhela, or bright spots on each side, or above or below the 
sun, are generally regarded as indications of a storm. These luminous appearances are caused by the action of 
the light ui)on crystals of ice in the air. If co/o;-erf, the light is refracted, as in rain-drops causing the rainbow; 
\? u^liite, the light is reflected from the outside of the crystals. Sometimes several of these circles or arcs may 
be .seen together, having the sun or the zenith as their centres. Columns of light passing vertically through tiie 
sun or moon are caused l)y the reflection of light from the flat surfaces of snow crystals in the air. Light, fleecy 
clouds near the sun in summer will sometimes show beautiful i-ainbow tints. These are seldom seen except in 
fair, settled weather. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 23 



(No. 24.) EVAPORATION FROM WATER SURFACES. 

Tin's may be determined by exposing ;i cylinihical vessel of any size, tilled witii a measured depth of water, 
and ascertaining from time to time the loss by evaporation. If freely exposed to the sun, rains, and winds, it 
would probably represent, with i-easonable aeeuracy (first deducting the amount received from rain-fall), the 
amount of water eva])orated within the time observed. Such an evaporation should be measured at least once a 
week, and it should be replenished from time to time. It should be covered with an open wire screen to pre- 
vent interference from birds or animals. 

More delicate instruments have been constructed for measuring by a scale. The graduated measures be- 
longing to the rain-gauge may be used to measure by pouring out the contents of the evaporator from time to 
time. The amount of evaporation is much less in a woodland than in the ()])en fields, a circumstance doubtless 
])artlv due to the protection from the winds atforded by the foliage. A table for this record is also given. 

(No. 25.) GENERAL SUMMARIES. 

The use of this table is obvious. If rain or snow fall in quantity sufficient for measurement, however 
small, the day should be counted. Descrijitions of remarkable haloes, meteors, and auroras should be entered 
in the blank used in recording the daily observations. 

(No. 26.) GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE SEASONS. 

The entries may be in general terms, such as "early," "late," "very warm," "very cold," "wet," "dry," etc., 
according; to the facts of the case. 



STATISTICS OF PARTICULAR FIELD CROPS. 

It is intended that each page of this portion should show the total results of the year in the cultivation 
of each class of products mentioned in the headings for the entire farm, including that raised upon land hired 
from others, or worked upon shares, but not that raised upon the farm if the land is rented to others for 
cultivation. 

If the land is rented to others upon shares, these details belong properly to the business of the cultivator 
and not to the owner. It would be sufficient in such a case to simply enter the receipts in kind in the column 
(if remarks. The amount of land hired from others for cultivation has a place on blank B, and its production 
should form a part of the totals of grain, etc., in tables 27 to 52 inclusive, wherever it embraces items mentioned 
in these tables. 

The proper time for filling these tables is at the close of the year, when the results of the several crops are 
known, and the suspension of labors in the field affi)rds leisure for review of the operations of the season. 

In computing the receipts from a given croj), or other commodity, the prices paid on the farm should bo 
entered, and not the \n'ice paid at a distant market. If sold at the latter, the cost of transportation should be 
deducted from the amount received at such place. 

In order to possess the data for filling this Register with the annual results of the year, with respect to 
(liiferent crops and particular fields, it would be convenient to provide a common blank book, say of three or 
four quires of paper, in which should be entered, from day to day, such items of production, purchase, use, and 
sale as there might be occasion for from time to time. The simplest form of entering these facts would be to 
devote a page to each subject. One page, for example, might relate to wheat, another to rye, and so on through 
the list of grains and other products of which memoranda are to be preserved for final entry in this Register. 
Heing thus already together, the items can be readily consolidated as the occasion may require. 

(No. 27.) HAY CROP. 

The headings of this table need no particular explanation, as farmers who feed their hay on the farm seldom 

weigh it; the amount must be estimated. Its quantity may be known approximately by measurement, but the 

differences between different kinds of hay, and between the same hay at different periods after being placed in 

the mow or stack, and at different heights of pile, are too uncertain for satisfactory determination except by 



24 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



weiglit. Of fresh liay 10 cubic yards will average a ton. Wlieu well settled it may bo reduced to half thi? 
space in some cases. Old hay when taken from well settled stacks will measure, it is said, about 8 cubic 
yards to the ton.* Clover is much lighter, 11 to 12 yards being required for a ton. 

In noting the amount of grass-seed produced, it would be proper to include the amount screened from grain 
as well as that reserved in the meadow for seed. Where the cultivation of any particular kind of grass-seed 
or the seed of other forage plants is made a special object, one of the pages numbered " 46" should be ruled to 
suit the wants of the occasion. The "Total Receipts from Hay Crop" would only include the Ijeneflts received 
from hay or from grass-seed sold, and not the incidental profits from these articles that might be fed upon the 
farm. If stock is kept for otiiers the facts may be entered in the column of "Remarks." The term " hay" will 
be understood to include all kinds of grass, clover, lucern, or other plants mowed when green, dried in the sun, 
and gathered and stacked or stowed for feeding stock in winter. If hay is sold pressed or for pressing the 
amount should be entered in the column of "Remarks;" and if this be a regular branch of business, requiring 
entry every year, a part of this column might be ruled and used for a separate record of cjuantity of hay pressed 
or sold for pressing, according to the wants of the occasion. 

(No. 28.) WINTER WHEAT CROP. 

As the harvest of one year, is with this crop, tlie yield from seed sown the year before, care should be taken, 
when determining the average yield per acre, to use as the divisor, the number of acres sown that year, and 
entered in the horizontal line above that which shows the number of acres harvested. If the "acres sowed" in 
one year is greater than the number of "acres harvested," it would show that a part of the crop had been lost, 
and its cause should be entered in the column of " Remarks." 

On the Pacific Coast, grain will sometimes reproduce itself by self-seeding. These crops are called " volun- 
teer crops," and would be sufficiently entered by omitting to enter in the columns headed " Acres Sowed in 
Autumn" and "Bushels Sowed in Autumn." The fact might be further explained under the column of 
"Remarks." Among other items of information ])roper for this column would be a note of price paid for 
threshing, names of purchasers of crop, market at which sold, or any other fact of interest concerning it. 

(Nos. 29 to 36.) FIELD CROPS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF GRAIN. 

It is presumed that none of these tables require remark in this place, the headings being specific, and in 
some degree similar. The rijc crop is understood to mean "winter rye," this being most generally cultivated. 
If spring rye is made a special crop, a table may be ruled to receive it. In entering bushels of corn raised, 
shelled corn only should be entei'cd, or, if sold in the ear, only the equivalent reduced to proportion of the corn 
when shelled. 

(Nos. 37 to 40.) VARIOUS ROOT CROPS. 

The same remark applies to these as to grains. It is to be observed that custom, and in some States law, 
has fixed the weight of these per bushel, as stated in a table on a subsequent page. When measured thev are 
heaped. Sugar beets and other root crops should have a separate page ruled, if there be occasion. 

(No. 41.) FLAX CROP. 

The finer qualities of flax are obtained by pulling the plant just as the stems begin to turn yellow, and 
before the seed ripens. If left till the seed is fully ripe, this crop is quite exhausting to the soil. The best 
fertilizers for securing a good yield of seed are bone-earth, guano, and other manures rich in phosphates. For 
fibre, gypsum and ashes are more suitable. The M'ater in which flax is steeped in preparing it for manufacture 
becomes a rich manure for the crop. 

(No. 42.) HEMP CROP. 

Hemp, like the finer qualities of flax, must be cut before the seed ripens, the proper time for cutting being 
when the leaves of the staminate or male plants turn yellow and fall. Especial care must be taken in drying 
and storing the seed, as it loses its vitality very easily. Lime is beneficial to this plant, and the best crops are 
grown on a limestone soil. 

* In Dakota Territory the law defines a ton of hay as .343 cubic feet [12.7 cubic yards], after setUing thirty days, or such other time as may be 
agreed upon. This is the only instance in which an attempt has been made in the United States to define the weight of hay by measurement. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 25 

(No. 43.) TOBACCO CROP. 

This table needs no suggestion. The cohinm for " Remarks" will afford sufficient room for entering any 
facts concerning the crop not otherwise provided for. 

(No. 44.) HOP CROP. 
Hops are often cultivated with corn the first year, and land tlius occupied would be entered twice. Hop- 
roots arc usually sold by tlie bushel, the prices ranging between wide extremes, according to amount of supply 
and demand. The rate paid for picking is commonly at a given sum per box, the contents of which is in some 
States regulated by law, and in others by custom only. 

(No. 45.) SORGHUM CROP. 
Besides the items of information i)rovided for in this table, others, such as price of seed, cost of manufac- 
ture, etc., might be deemed worthy of entry. 

(No. 46.) FIELD CROPS NOT SPECIFIED. 

A sufficient number of pages, indefinite as to subject, are allowed for special crops not otherwise provided 
for. These may become convenient for use in recording the crops raised in market- or seed-gardens, and the 
like, and in the cultivation of particular fruits. 

(No. 47.) INJURIES TO CROPS. 

The years in this table are left blank, as some of them might pass without occasion for entry, and in other 
years, several entries might require a place. In case the injury extended through several days or weeks, such as 
drouth, fires, etc., the time of beginning and end should both be entered. In regions liable to injuries from the 
potato-bug, grasshoppers, etc., a public service would be rendered by keeping a record of all circumstances 
noticed, and especially of such influences and conditions as are found to increase or diminish their numbers. 

(No. 48.) STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS USED. 

In case the fertilizers mentioned are produced on the farm, such as ashes, lime, muck, marl, etc., the 
quantities only need be mentioned. Space is allowed for entering special fertilizers, which are too varied in 
number for satisfactory designation in the printed headings of these tables. In experimenting to ascertain the 
particular kinds of fertilizers best suited to the crops on a given soil, it is best to provide a separate register, 
ruled to show the area of land, the crop, the amount applied, the time and mode of application, the cost, and 
the result. Swamp muck is a material abundant on many farms, and may be made highly valuable as a 
fertilizer by suitable preparation. By mixing with quick-lime, when newly dug, and before it is dry, and 
afterwards with animal matter, such as urine or dung, this substance becomes an excellent fertilizer; or it may 
be slowly mixed with marl or clay, allowing it to remain exposed to the air for a considerable time, turning it 
occasionally. This substance is most useful when applied to soils containing much lime, and is better upon 
clay than upon sandy soils. 

iNos. 49, 50.) STATISTICS OF ORCHARD FRUIT CULTURE. 

The first of these tables of statistics of fruit culture is prepared for apples ; the succeeding are left in 
blank to suit the varied wants of different farms. They are intended to shoNV the capacity of production and 
changes in the plantation, the yield of fresh fruit, the dried or prepared fruits, a comparison of expenses and 
receipts, and such remarks as may be thought necessary. 

(No. 51.) STATISTICS OF BERRIES AND OTHER SMALL FRUITS RAISED FOR MARKET. 

In case the raising of berries for market, whether sold fresh, dried, or canned, the quantities raised and 
the prices may be entered on these pages. In the blank space across the heading enter the name of the crop, 
and in the blank spaces for quantities the words " bushels," " quarts," " pounds," or other unit of measure 
employed. The figures in the column for years are omitted from this table, so as to admit of several entries 
being made in a single year for as many different kinds of berries or fruits as there might be occasion to enter. 



26 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



tlie name of eacli fruit being entered on its appropriate line in the column for "remarks." This practice would 
he convenient where these crops were only cultivated occasionally, while in other years there would be no occa- 
sion for an entry. 

(No. 52.J STATISTICS OF FRUIT CULTURE: GENERAL RESULTS OF THE YEAR. 

The design of this page is to present a summary of the total operations in fruit culture for tlie year. It 
will be seen that blanks are left for entering kinds not specified. The columns for receipts and expenses of all 
fruits, whether raised in the orchard, field, or garden, should be summarized for this table. 

(No. 53.) STATISTICS OF GARDEN PRODUCTS SOLD. 

The headings of this table are left blank, and are to be filled with the names of such products as may be 
made a special subject of cultivation for market sale. 

(No. 54.1 MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP. 
In the northern States and in Canada, these become important objects of industry during the thirty or forty 
days in the early spring months, wiien alone their production is possible in a remunerative degree. In the New 
England States the amount of maple sugar that reaches the market is much greater than that of syrup, while 
in the northwestern States the latter is relatively greater in amount. The maple tree will yield .sap on any 
warm day during the winter months, but it is not until the approach of spring, when warm days alternate with 
freezing nights, that the amount obtained is sufficient for profitable manufacture. 

(Nos. 55 to 58.) FARM STOCK. 

The design of these tables is to afford an opportunity of entering a statement of the number of each class 
of domestic animals on the farm at the beginning of the season, the ciianges during the year, receipts from 
sales, and (with respect to sheep and swine) the quantity and value of products. Except the table for horses, 
mules, etc., the headings extend across opposite pages, afibrding ample opportunity for entering the details. 

In case of experiments in soiling cattle, feeding steamed food, or other improved methods, a separate 
record should be kept for ascertaining the advantages and the comparative expense; but these are too varied 
in their character to be anticipated in this volume. 

(No. 59.) DAIRY PRODUCTS. 

The manufacture of butter or cheese, but more especially the latter, has become of late years, and in 
regions favorably situated, a distinct branch of industry, the milk from a convenient distance around being 
brought once or twice daily to a factory for manufacture on a large scale. At such establishments an account is 
necessarily kept with each patron, the milk being generally weighed. An account of sales, detailed statement 
of cost, and a calculation of the interest of each patron requires full records to be kept, and books have been 
prepared for these special uses. The object in preparing the tables of this volume has been to provide a place 
for the entry of the results at the close of the season, and se]>arate pages have been prepared for home and 
factory ])r()ducts. 

In a few localities condensed mill: is made a special branch of business; but as in these cases the milk is 
usually sold to the manufacturer, the dairyman will have no occasion to follow it further than the entry of 
" milk sold to the factory," and " total receipts." There are many details in butter and cheese-making, such an 
the amount of salt and other articles used, cost of boxes, tubs, and the like, of which every intelligent farmer 
should take account in his business; but these are too varied for arrangement in our tables. 

(No. 60.) POULTRY. 

This table is chiefly intended for use in cases where the sale of poultry and eggs is made a leading busi- 
ness with the farmer, as is done in some cases where favorably located with respect to markets. A special 
hatching record has been recommended to poultry breeders in the following form : 

Date wheu Eggs 1 Number of , Kinds or Date when Hen No. of Chickens 

No. of Nest, i 1 J nr Tr ■ .• i • x rr tt ^ i, j REMARKS. 

[ were placed. -ciggs. Varieties. is to come on. Hatched. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



27 



STOCK-BREEDING. 

Persons engaged in stock-breeding would find it convenient to provide a table, by ruling blank pages, for 
entering tiie dates of beginning of gestation, so as to better know when to expect its termination. Three columns 
would be sufficient for this purpose, of which the first would be the name or d&scription of the subject of 
record, and the other columns, tiie first and last, dates. The period of gestation, proper age, and duration 
of powers of reproduction are given for different animals by approved authors as follows : 



Kinds. 


Proper Age for 
Reproduction. 


Period in Years that 
Power of Repro- 
duction Lasts. 


Shortest Period. 
Days. 


Mean Period. 
Days. 


Longest Period. 
Days. 




4 years. 

3 " 
2 " 

1 " 

2 " 

4 " 

2 " 
1 " 
6 months. 


10 to 12 

10 to 14 

6 

6 

6 

10 to 12 

8 

8 to 9 

5 to 6 

5 to 6 


322 

240 

146 

109 

150 

365 

281 

55 

48 

20 


347 

283 
154 
115 
156 

380 

308 

60 

50 

28 


419 


Cows 


321 
161 




143 


Goats 

Asses 


163 
391 
335 


Dogs 

Cats 

Rabbits 


63 
56 
35 







The period of incubation of domestic fowls is given as follows in days : 



Kinds. 



Hens.., 

Turkey 
Ducks. 
Geese.. 



Shortest 
Period. 



19 
24 

28 
27 



Mean 


Longest 


Period. 


Period. 


21 


24 


26 


30 


30 


32 


30 


33 



Kinds. 



Pigeons 

Pea-Hens . . . 
Guinea-Hen; 
Swans 



Shortest 


Mean 


Period. 


Period. 


16 


18 


25 


28 


20 


23 


40 


42 



Longest 
Period. 

20 
30 
25 
45 



The time that animals continue to grow, and the age to which, under fiivorable circumstances, they may 
live is as follows : 



Camel grows 8 years, lives 
Horse " 5 " " 



Ox 

Lion 



40 
25 

15 to 20 
20 



years. 



Dog grows 2 years, lives 12 to 14 years 

Cat " IV " '■ 9 to 10 " 

Hare " 1 " '^ 8 " 

Guinea-Pia; " 7 months. " 6 to 7 " 



(No. 61.) WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

This record is in cases of some of the more valuable kinds of stock a matter of sufficient interest for 
record, but generally not. There are other records in the life of animals, especially in respect to males not kept 
for reproduction, that might be useful, but these are omitted from this volume as not of general interest. 

(No. 62.) FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

This record is convenient for current use and after reference, but in special cases one much more extended 
would be useful, especially in experiments upon the u.se of different kinds of food in fattening stock, or in the 
mode of preparing and feeding it. These, like experiments in soiling cattle and the like, are too varied for a 
general series of tables, and are mentioned here only in a suggestive way. The entries may be made collec- 
tively for each class of animals fattened, and in the column of remarks reference might be made to any special 
records that might be kept. 

According to the results of many experiments, a bushel of corn will produce 8'4 pounds of pork net, oi- 
15 per cent, of its weight; or conversely, 1 pound of pork requires 6| pounds of corn. These data affi)rd the 
means of estimating the cost of fattening swine, the price of corn being known. The amount of food required 
will, of course, vary according to the breed of the animal, variety of food, temperature, and other circumstances. 



28 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



As a general rule in feeding, oily food is best calculated to increase fat, and glutinous food (grains) for draft 
animals. Fattening food should be ground and steamed. 

(No. 63.) BEE-KEEPING: HONEY AND WAX. 

These pages are intended for use where bee-keeping forms a leading business. The successful management 
of bees requires careful attention, and when the business is conducted witii intelligence it may often result in 
large profits. With such, a more detailed record might be used. 

Tiiero may be occasionally other farm industries tiiat require record, but these are so exceptional that it has 
been thonglit best to leave them for entry on blank pages of the record, as occasion may arise. Among these 
may be mentioned silk-raising and the cultivation of special fruits, roots, or seeds, and field-crops, too varied for 
a general record. It is designed to prepare a special edition suited for the wants of Southern agriculturists, as 
there may be occasion. 

(No. 64.) RECEIPTS FROM THE FARM OTHER THAN FROM CULTIVATION. 

The quarrving of stone, or getting out of clay, sand, gravel, marl, or peat, and other revenues from priv- 
ileges, as of shore and the like, may, in exceptional cases, become a source of income from lease, sale, or working 
by the owner. They are too varied for specification, and too variable from year to year to be presented other- 
wise than in the indefinite manner adopted by means of blank headings suited for such subdivisions and uses as 
exceptional wants may require. 

(No. 65.) SPECIAL OBJECTS OF HOME INDUSTRY. 

These, like the objects last named, are too varieil for specification. They may include such manufactures 
for sale as may be produced by liousehold labor or in winter season when field labors are suspended. 

(No. 66.) HIRED LABOR. 
Tills is intended as a memorandum for dates, rates of wages, and remarks with regard to labor upon the 
farm or for houseliold service. 

(No. 67.1 CONDITION AND CHANGES OF THE FARM. 

These pages should show the extent of the farm, the changes in its area, assessed valuation of property of 
the owner, and estimated value of diiferent classes of farm property. A comparison of results through a series 
of years, and a caret\il study of the points wherein these changes have occurred, would jirove a most useful 
subject of attention. 

(No. 68.) BUILDINGS ERECTED. 

The years in this table are left blank because some might pass without occasion for entry, while in others 
there might be several entries required. It would be well to enter at the beginning the buildings already on 
the farm when the record began, so far as the facts concerning tiiem are known. 

(No. 69.) REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS. 
In this table, as in the Jast, the years are left blank, and for a similar reason. The specification of the 
nature of the repairs or changes may be general or particular, according to circumstances. 

(No. 70.) INSURANCE UPON PROPERTY. 

This table explains itself. It will apply to all forms of insurance upon buildings, furniture, stock, or other 

property. 

(No. 71.) BUILDINGS HIRED OR LEASED. 

This favble will readily serve for all purposes of entering memoranda of buildings hired of others, or leased 
to others from time to time. The uses for which the lease was made can be entered in the same column as that 
of the description of the building, as " barn for hay," " house for farm laborer," etc. 

(No. 72.) HIRED PASTURAGE, AND STOCK PASTURAGE ON LAND NOT BELONGING TO THE FARM. 

This table applies to cases in which a farmer, wishing to extend his stock operations beyond the capacity 
of his land, hires pasturage, either by leasing land, or by hiring his cattle kept by others. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 29 



(No. 73.) PASTURAGE HIRED TO OTHERS, AND STOCK TAKEN IN FOR PASTURAGE. 

This table is tiie converse of the preceding, and applies to cases in wliich a person, having more pasturage 
than stock, eitlier rents land to others, or takes in the stock of others for pasturage. The use of these tables 
will be obvious without further explanation. 

(Nos. 74 and 75.) LAND HIRED FROM OTHERS, OR TO OTHERS, FOR USE OTHER THAN FOR PASTURAGE. 

These two tables, like those numbered 71 and 72, apply to land hired from others, or to others, for cultiva- 
tion, M'hetlier upon a fixed rent or upon siiares. 

(No. 76.) FENCES EXISTING AT BEGINNING OF RECORD, AND MADE ANNUALLY AFTERWARDS. 

There is perhaps no item of farm-interest in which there is greater room for economy than in fences. 
Except in cases where stone is abundant, they have, in the older sections of the country, been usually made of 
wood, and are maintained at an expense that becomes annually greater as wood becomes scarce. Among the 
important lessons that remain to be learned by our farming community is the fact that much of this expense 
may be avoided either by fencing stock within their proper range, or by the improved methods of feeding known 
as soiling, i.e., keeping them in stables or yards, and carrying fresh food to them that is cut for the purpose 
from day to day. 

(No. 77.) HEDGES.— (No. 78.1 DITCHES AND OTHER DRAINAGE. 

These tables are designed to record the extent of hedges and of diteiies, and other artificial drainage exist- 
ing on the farm at the beginning of the record, and the extent made annually afterwards. A proper attention 
to both of these subjects is highly important. Hedges, besides serving as a fence, will, when allowed to grow- 
high, serve as wind-breaks, and as a shelter to stock, — a service much needed in the prairie States. The nesting 
places which they afford to birds that feed upon insects is worthy of notice and encouragement among farmers. 

(No. 79.) FOREST-TREE PLANTING. 

In many sections of the country the scarcity of timber for farm uses, manufactures, building, and fuel is 
seriously felt, and its want is among the first that the settlers experience in the prairie regions of the Western 
States. In the older States, where the primitive growth of forests was abundant, little care has been taken to 
reserve a sufficient proportion for future use, and already a scarcity is felt in regions once thought to afford 
inexhaustible supplies. There are incidental advantages afforded by woodlands in the influence they exert 
upon climate, by preventing the drying effect of winds, affording protection to birds useful to farmers, main- 
taining humidity, and tempering the extremes of heat, that commend the subject of tree-planting to the notice of 
every owner of land. These should lead him to provide on his own farm at least enough for his own use. It 
is found in Europe that the best results in agriculture are obtained when at least one-fourth of the area is 
covered with woodlands. The pastures interspersed among groves are less liable to drouth, and crops bear 
more uniformly a good yield, than where the protection afforded by growing trees has been taken away. This 
service is especially felt in fruit-culture; partly by the obstructions afforded by forests against drying winds, — 
in some degree by the moisture and shelter they afford, — ^and to a considerable extent by the retarding of vege- 
tation in the spring by preventing the early melting of snows. In this they have an effect like that known to 
be produced by large bodies of water, which render the spring months cool, and prevent fruit-trees from blossom- 
ing until summer is fairly confirmed, and the danger from late spring frosts is passed. 

The table affords the opportunity for entering the number of acres, and, by count or estimation, the num- 
bers of trees of different kinds set during each year. 



30 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



We may present, in this connection, some suggestions relative to 

MODES OF PLANTATION. 



■ — • — • — • — • — t — • — » » — • — • 

t — ' I — ' I 1 — . I — 1 1 — • — I . — • — t — I 

► — • — • — * — 4 — • — • — • — « — • — . 

I « • 4 X « « • « m • 






Plantation in Equilateral Triangles. 



T 1 1 X i- j-u i. 1 J. „ Pknitnfiov in Squares. 

Jn regnlar jilantation, the trees or plants may -' 

be arranged in rectangular or obliipie order. In 

the former the rows may be equidistant each way, 

and they may be cultivated equally well either 

way. Lines drawn through the objects planted 

would form a series of squares, as shown by the 

annexed drawing. 

If the lines are nearer together one way than another, as in common nursery rows, the figures obtained 
by drawing lines through the trees or plants thus 

placed, form a series of parallelograms. In plant- Plantation in Parallelograms. 

ing by this mode we may get space between, in one 
direction, wide enough for driving a horse or team, 
and may space the olyects apart in the rows to 
suit convenience. In forest-planting the alternate 
trees in the rows should be taken out as the growth 
becomes dense, and in some instances the alternate 
rows entirely. 

A third method consists in placing the plants 
in oblique rows, so that each plant (except on the 
margin) shall be equally distant in six directions 
from its neighbors. If a plantation of this kind 
be connected by lines, it will produce a series of 
equilateral triangles, and by joining six of these 
together, hexagons, as in the annexed drawing. 

A fourth method consists in planting in ob- 
lique lines at right angles with each other, so that 
when connected by lines passing through the objects 
planted, the resulting diagram will be a series of 
squares and right-angled triangles. This is called 
the quincunx order, and for orchard and forest-tree 
planting is to be preferred to all others, where the 
object is to secure all the air and light possible on 
a given area. 

This plantation gives rows more conspicuously in line when viewed diagonally than in lines parallel or at 
right-angles with the side of the field, because i n these 
the plants or trees are as much nearer together, as 
the side of an isosceles right-angled triangle is less 
than its hypotenuse. Land may be marked for this 
kind of plantation by tracing twice as many lines 
each way, at right-angles to each other, as there are 
places to be planted on these sides. In planting, 
only every alternate point of intersection is used, 
as shown in the annexed drawing. 

The following table will be found convenient for use in ascertaining the number of plants required for 
covering a given area of land. The distances apart, as shown in the heading and left-hand margin, are metres, 
and the numbers in the body of the table are those on a hectare (2.47 acres); but without any change it will 
show the number for rods, yarrbi, feet, or any other unit of measure, on a square having 100 of such units on a 
side. 






Diagonal Plantation on 


Quincunx Ordei: 




X 


X 




X 


X 




XI 


X 


X 




X 




XX 







Mode of Marking foj 


' Quincunx Planting 













































































































THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



31 



Number of Planbi set 


'a Eoivs on a Square of IOC 


on a Side, at Intervals, in 


the Heading and Left-hand 


Margin. 


Distance 








DISTANCE BETWEEN ROWS. 








EQUIDISTANT PLANT- 
ING EACH WAY. 


between 




















In Squares. 




Plants in 
the Rows. 


1,0 


1.5 


2.0 


2.5 


3.0 


3.5 


4.0 


4.5 


5,0 


5.5 


In Triangular 
Order. 


(1.5 


20,000 


13,333 


10,000 


8,000 


6,067 


5,714 


5.000 


4,444 


4,000 


3,636 


40,000 


46,188 


1.0 


10,000 


0,667 


5,000 


4,000 


3,333 


2,857 


2,500 


2,222 


2,000 


1,818 


10,000 


11,547 


1.5 


6,667 


4,444 


3,333 


2,667 


2.222 


1,905 


1,667 


1^481 


1,333 


1,212 


4,444 


5,132 


2.0 


5,000 


3,333 


2,500 


2,000 


1,667 


1,429 


1,250 


1,111 


1,000 


909 


2,500 


2,887 


2 5 


4,000 


2,667 


2,000 


1,600 


1,333 


1,143 


1,000 


889 


800 


727 


1,600 


1,848 


3.0 


3,333 


2 222 


1,667 


1,333 


1,111 


952 


833 


741 


667 


606 


1,111 


1,283 


3.5 


2,857 


I'gos 


1,429 


1,143 


952 


816 


714 


635 


571 


519 


816 


943 


4.0 


2,500 


1,667 


1,250 


1,000 


833 


714 


625 


556 


500 


455 


625 


722 


4.5 


2 222 


1,481 


1,111 


889 


741 


635 


556 


494 


444 


404 


494 


570 


5.0 


2,000 


1,333 


1,000 


800 


667 


571 


500 


444 


400 


364 


400 


462 


5.5 


1,818 


1,212 


909 


727 


606 


519 


455 


404 


364 


331 


331 


382 


6.0 


1,667 


1,111 


833 


667 


556 


476 


417 


370 


333 


303 


278 


321 


6.5 


1,538 


1,026 


769 


615 


513 


440 


385 


342 


308 


280 


237 


273 


7.0 


1,429 


952 


714 


571 


476 


408 


357 


317 


286 


260 


204 


236 


7.5 


1,333 


889 


667 


533 


444 


381 


333 


296 


267 


242 


178 


205 


8.0 


1,250 


833 


625 


500 


417 


357 


313 


278 


250 


227 


156 


180 


8.5 


1,176 


784 


588 


471 


392 


336 


294 


261 


235 


214 


138 


160 


9.0 


1,111 


741 


556 


444 


370 


317 


278 


247 


222 


202 


123 


143 


10.0 


1,000 


667 


500 


400 


333 


286 


250 


222 


200 


100 


100 


115 



III using this table, if the intervals be assumed as measured by yards, for example, the number on a tract 
100 yards square would be, at half a yard apart in the rows, and at 3J yards between tiie rows, 5714; at 7 
yards between, the rows, each way, 204, if set in squares, or 236 in triangles, and so of all other numbers in 
the table. Its application for larger or smaller areas, by multiplication or division, will be obvious without 
i'lirther specification. The advantage of diagonal planting over that in squares, will be seen by comparing the 
last two columns of the table, where the same areas of land and the same intervals between the trees give quite 
ditfcrent results. 

(No. 80.1 CONDITION OF WOODLANDS AND FOREST PLANTATIONS AT THE END OF EACH YEAR. 

This table may be regarded as a kind of supplement to No. 79. It affords an opportunity for studying 
the causes of failure, if observed in plantations, and shows the gaining or diminisiiing extent of natural and 
artificial plantations upon the farm. 

(No. 81.1 VEHICLES, TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. 

The cost of farming implements, more esj)ecially of the expensive kinds, is an item of much importance. 
This table will enable the farmer to notice their durability and relative expense of maintenance in working 
order. 

(No. 82.) OTHER INVESTMENTS. 

There may occur expenses not elsewhere provided for, such as the opening of private roads, building of 
farm bridges, clearing off of stumps or boulders, grading, dikes and embankments, works to prevent the erasion 
of strcam.s, filling up of ravines, digging of wells, diversion of water-courses, and the like, that when done, add 
to the value of the premises, and come properly under the head of investments. They are too varied for 
specification, but may all come properly into this table, as matters of useful record and for future reference. 
Under the heading of "amount invested" should be entered the value of team-work and labor, as well as 
money expended. 

(No. 83.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF SEPARATE FIELDS. 

The principal advantage of this record will be to keep a journal for reference in the rotation of crops. It 
has long been known that the .same crop cannot generally be cultivated with advantage upon the same ground 
through a series of years, but that certain changes are desirable, and even necessary, in order to secure the best 
results. Tiie rules to be followed in this rotation of crops differ greatly, according to the natiu-e and strength 
of the soil, and other circumstances; but it may be stated, as a general rule, that where the productive powers 



32 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



of the soil have been exhausted by cultivation, and carried away in a crop, this should be followed by another that 
tends to restore fertility, either from its own decay or by affording nourishment to stock, the offal from which 
is returned to the soil. The cereal grains, the fibre-plants (when allowed to ripen their seed), hops, tobacco, etc., 
are exhausting, while leguminous plants and root-crops, when returned directly or indirectly to the soil, tend 
to restore fertility. The following successions have been found successful in Pennsylvania: 

1, Wheat; 2, Rye; 3, Clover; 4, Wheat; 5, Corn; 6, Oats; 7, Wheat; 8, Clover. 

There has been established no regular system of rotation in the United States, although in some countries 
the principles involved have been made a subject of careful study, and reference should be had to approved 
treatises upon agriculture for a statement of the principles involved, and the rules that should be observed. 

(No. 84.) MONEY BORROWED FOR USE IN FARM PURPOSES. 

This table is designed to afford a convenient place for a memorandum of money borrowed and a reminder 
of the time when due. The date when the loans are paid, or any other note of reference or information, may 
be entered in the column of remarks. 

(No. 85,) GENERAL EXPENSE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR. 

(No. 86.) GENERAL RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR, AND FINAL BALANCE. 

These pages are designed to present a general statement of expenses and receipts, and the balance of 
accounts for the year. 

STATUTE WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL OF GRAIN AND OTHER COMMODITIES. 

The Biishel is adopted in the United States from the English custom, as the standard of dry measure, and 
contains 543391.89 standard Troy grains (or 77.6274 pounds avoirdupois) of distilled water at temperature of 
greatest density, the barometer being at 30 inches. 

No law has hitherto been passed by Congress exactly defining weights and measures except with regard to 
the Troy pound used in the Alint."' Exact copies of the English standards of weights and measures have how- 
ever been prepared and furnished to all the States and Territories,t and these have been declared the standards 
of these States and Territories by their statute laws. In some acquired portions, the Spanish measui-es of length, 
weight, and capacity have been also sanctioned. J 

As all English weights and measures are arbitrary, and have no exact unit of reference in nature, or any 
true origin but in usage subsequently legalized, differences were found to exist in different sections of the 
country at the time when scientific inquiries and comparisons began to be made. There had accordingly 
occurred some discrepancies in these units of weights and measures, as adopted and confirmed in the several States, 
prior to the distribution of standards by the general government, and these still exist on their statute books. § 

In Louisiana, the barrel of 3J bushels, dry measure, and its half and quarter, are legal measures for grain 
and coal. In Marjdand, the corn-barrel is a measure 21 inches in diameter at the bottom (clear of the staves) 
and 23 at the top, and deep enough to hold 5 struck bushels of corn. 

The Standnrd Gallon, in liquid measure, contains 58372.2 grains Troy (or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois) of 
distilled water at greatest density. In some States, as in New Hampshire and Minnesota, milk is sold by hcer 
measure (282 cubic inches to the gallon), while in others, as in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Vermont, it is sold by wine measure (231 cubic inches to the gallon). 

The weight of grain differs in a given kind, according to its variety, and the soil, and other circumstances 
in which it has grown. But in most of the States the weight of a bushel has been fixed by law, and in some 
markets the quantity is determined by weighing instead of measuring. There exists considerable difference 
among the several States and Territories in these legal weights of grain, and they have in some instances been 



* Act of May 19, 182S. f Act of June 14, 1S36. J In New Mexico, the Spanish measures recognized by law are: The Caarlitla^l pint 
U. S. measure. The Almml—\-6 of a Half Faueija=il2.7+ cubic inches. The Half Faiiega=2,i76.2i cubic inches. 

J In Arlsansas and Indiana, the half bushel contains 1075.2 cubic inches ; in Nebraska, it is 1075 ; and in New York and California, 1071.25. 
In the States of New York .ind California, the half bushel must be 15i inches across, and the bushel 19i inches. In New Hampshire and Minne- 
sota, the former is 133 inches, and the latter 18^ inches. 

The heaped measure, in Connecticut and Kansas, contains 1282 cubic inches in the half bushel. In Minnesota, the bushel of charcoal is 
2419 inches; in Colorado, 2500; in Pennsylvania, 2571; and in Missouri, 2680. 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



33 



changed, so that, in the same State, diiferences occur in comparing the busliel of different periods. As an exam- 
ple, it may be stated that 1000 busiiels of barley, taken from Kansas to New Orleans, would become 1500 
bushels according to the laws of Louisiana, the bushel being 48 pounds in the former and 32 in the latter. In 
the case of rye, the difference is enormous, being from 56 to 32, so that 1000 bushels of rye, taken from Kansas 
to New Orleans, would fill an order for 1750 bushels, the purchase and sale being in both cases by legal weight. 
The importance of tiiis subject has led us to construct a table from existing State laws, and this is here 
given as complete up to the time when prepared. It is liable to change from time to time, and will be found 
to differ from similar tables found in other books; but it can be shown that this difference, if found, would be 
due to the fixct that these other tables have been copied from older ones, or compiled from older statutes. We 
have used no authorities but the recent statute laws, and have compared them with the finished work to avoid 
errors in copying. The only effectual way to avoid misunderstanding would be the introduction of a custom, 
sanctioned by Congress, and therefore applicable to every part of the country, by which grain and other 
measured commodities should be bought and sold by weight only. The most convenient unit would be the 
cental, or 100 pounds, and tiiis, if once adopted, would soon regulate prices ui)on this basis, beyond liability to 
confusion or misunderstanding. 

METRICAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

The metrical or decimal system of weights and measures was first adopted in France in 1795, and has 
since been legalized and brought into use in many other countries, in some cases permissively, and in others 
exclusively, superseding altogether those formerly in use. 

Besides its decimal subdivisions and multiples, by which one denomination may be changed into another by 
removing the decimal point without calculation, this system has the great advantage of jjresenting a common 
basis for the measurement of length, area, solid contents, capacity, and weight. 

This unit is the meter, intended to be the ten-millionth part of the distance from the pole to the equator, 
measured on a meridian on the earth's surface. It is very nearly 39.37 inches in length, and is subdivided into 
tenths, Iiundredths, and thousandths, and multiplied by 10, 100, and 1000. The names of the subdivisions have 
prefixes derived from the Latin language, while the names of the multiples are distinguished by prefixes from 
tiie Greek language. In some countries, where the metrical measures come very near those ))reviously in use, 
tiie old names, with or without some modifications, have been retained, but the amounts when written in figures 
are strictly coincident with those of the metrical system. 

By an act of Congress, approved July 28, 1866, the use of this decimal system of weights and measures is 
sanctioned, but not enforced. It was also legalized in like manner in the Dominion of Canada, by an act 
assented to April 14, 1871 ; and it is to be hoped that ere long it may come into general use in common busi- 
ness transactions, as it already has, to a considerable extent, in scientific determinations. The growing import- 
ance of this subject leads us to insert a series of tables for converting English into metrical and metrical into 
English measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



Metrical 
Denominations. 



Length 
in Meters. 



Myriameter . ... 

Kilometer 

Hectometer.... 
Decameter 

Meter 

Decimeter 

Centimeter 

Millimeter 



0.1 
0.01 

0.001 



Length as 

Specified in Act 

of Congress. 



6.2137 miles. 

3280 ft. 10 in. 

328 ft. 1 in. 
393.7 inches. 

39.37 in. 

3.937 in. 
0.3937 in. 

0.0394 in. 



Various Equiv.\lent Measures. 



f =3280.899 feet=0.62138242 miles. This is the common itinerary meas- 
i ure used in countries where the metrical measures are adopted. 

Used in measuring land, as the chain is used in English measure. 

=39.370432 inches, by most approved authorities, although 39.37079 by 
authorities more frequently cited, and in the act of Congress of 1866 
=3.2808868 feet=l. 093623 yards. 



{Used for the exact determination of small distances, and in barometrical 
observations, and other scientific measurements. 



34 
























WEIGHT 


OF 


A 


BUSHEL OF 


VARIOUS 


COMMODITIES, 




LEGUMINOUS I 

CEREAL GRAINS, AND OTHER FLOUR, MEAL, Etc. 

GRAINS, 1 


FRUITS. 


STATES AND 




Indian 
Corn. 


1 


QC 


$■ 


m 


1 


a^ 


1 


m 


£. 


1 

1 
I 

o 

>^ 

E 
o 


S 


E 


E 


E 


Fresh. 


Dried, Small Fruits. 


1 


TERRITORIES. 


>» 


1 


1 


J 


o 


£ 


£. 


O- 


,<■ 


J 

£. 


1 


1 


J 


4 


f 

i 


C3 


a. 
QC 


s 

■fc 


Arizona 


4.5 ^i 


70 

70 

70 
68 
70 
70 
70 

70 
70 
70 

70 

70 


32 
32 
32 
32 
32 

32 

33 
32 
32 
32 
30 
20 
32 
32 
32 
32 
35 
34 
30 
30 
32 
32 
36 
30 
32 
32 
32 
35 
32 
32 


66 
64 
60 
60 
56 

66 
56 
56 
50 
56 
32 

66 
50 
56 
66 
56 
56 
56 
66 
56 
50 
60 
60 
56 
56 
56 
50 
60 
60 
66 


60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
00 
00 
60 
00 
00 
GO 
60 
60 
60 
00 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
00 
00 

CO 
CO 
60 
60 

00 


60'' 


GO 
00 

60 
60 

60 

60 
CO 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60'« 





20 

20 

20 
20 
20 




24 


50 


60 
50 

44* 

48 
50 

50 
60 

50 

50 
60 

50 
50 
60 

60 
50 




38 
32 

30 
34 

38 


60=' 


50 

60 
50 

50 

60 


48 
44 

45 

40 
45 
£7 


40 



48 



45 

...... 

45 




48 


24 
25 
24 
24 
24 

22 
23 
24 

24 

26 

22 
28 

28 
2S 
25 
28 






40 
32" 


40 


40 



40 


32 


32 

... 




i 

57 




50 
48 
43 

48 


62 
60 
60 
60 
60 
50 
56 
66 
56 
56 
50 
56 
50 
66 
66 
60 
50 
60 

50 
66 
68 
50 
56 
60 
50 
56 
56 
50 
50 
66 


60 
CO' 
60 

00= 
60 
CO 
60 
60^ 

64 

CO 

CO 
60 
60= 
CO 
CO 
C2 
CO 

CO 

go' 

GO 
60 
60 


40 
52 
48 
42 

52 
50 
52 
60 
50 

48 
43 
48 
48 
42 
62 
52 
52 

50 
48 
50 
42 
48 

40 

42 
52 
50 






1 1 




33 
33 
33 
33 
39 




32 











48 
48 
48 
60 
47 
32 
48 
47 
48 




Iowa 


Kansas 

Kentucky 






1 




28 
28 
33 

33 

33 

33 
28 

40" 
28 
33 
28 


28 



Massachusetts 


Minnesota 48 

Missouri 48 

Montana 48 

Nebraska 48 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey ; 48 

New York '• 48 

Ohio 48 

Oregon | 4G 

Pennsylvania 47 

Rhode Island 48 

Vermont ' 48 

Virginia 48 

Washington ' 45 

West Virginia 48 

Wisconsin 48 


22 


20 
20 








60' 



United States'* 48 


56 




32 


66 


60 




42 


CO 

















1 

1 


1 


33 


— 









— 


— 


Dom'n of Canada..! 48 


50 




34 


56 


60 


60 


.48 


o:, 






1 1 36 








1 1 1 


' Small white bea! 
'' White beans. 

Common Englisl 
'' Sifted meal, 44 ; 
' Turnip beets, GO. 
® Michig.-in salt. 


s, (III 

turn 
msift 


lithe 

1>3. 
>il m 


r bea 

Sill, 4 


ns,5 

S. 










7 
11 


Slon 
Busl 
Ilom 
Co.-il 

Fore 


lim 
el of 

sola 
>u8lie 

gn e 


2C80 

b.v t 
1,76 


cubic 

:l of 
)oiin 

Isalt 


incl 

2240 
Is; a 


pou 
tGre 


nils;' 
ensbi 


at !• 


ttsV.i 


rg b 
nds. 


V the 






12 
13 
11 
15 

17 


Fine 

Joion 
\llot 
Mark 
Bried 


oreie 
e fore 
s, 50 
herb 
-eyet 
peac 


neal 
:gn!, 
all 

peas 
1M,I 


t. 

alt. 
oot-c 
s, 32. 

eelec 


ri.p.s, 
,40; 


imp 


pton 
eled, 


32. 


CO. 







^S REGULATED BY LAW (Pounds Avoirdupois). 



35 



■ )IL SEEDS. 


SEEDS OF FORAGE PLANTS. 


OTHER SEEDS. 


ROOT-CROPS, 


OTHER COMMODITIES, 






1 

: a 

;■ ■> 

r;; 

i- 
..« 


|G 

1 
5 
... 

\ 
} 

i- 
l. 

i:: 

j- 

r i 

if' 

1 
} 


1 

CO 

E 

56 

56 

56 
54 
50 

56 
60 
50 

55 
56 

"Z 

56 

50 
56 

60 


CO 

CO 

"Z 

50 


CD 
CD 

14 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 

14 

14 
14 
14 

14 
14 

14 


00 

00 

00 
60 
00 
00 
60 

00 
60 
60 
60 
60 

64 
00 
60 
60 
62 

00 
GO 
60 
60 
00 

60 


O 


i 

31 




1 
O 

o 




1 
»- 

45 

43 

45 
45 
45 
45 
45 

45 

45 
45 
45 

44 
45 

45 
45 
40 
45 
45 

zi 

48 


o 

E 

z. 

30 
30 


1 

<S 
...... 

33 


1" 

3: 

41 

44 
44 
44 
44 
44 

44 

44 
44 
44 

44 
44 

44 


i 

o 


E 
"1 


4 

60 


1 







O 

57 
50 
52 

57 
48 
57 
57 
57 

52 



62 

54 

67 
67 
57 

67 

50 

50» 
62 
67 
50 

50 
GO 


GO 

"E 
O 

z. 





25 
28 


1 
45 

50 

44 
00 


! 
1 

a. 

00 
00 
60 

60 
GO 
60 
60 
60 

CO 

00 
CO 
60 
CO 
CO 
CO 
60 
60 
60 
60 
CO 

00 
00 
60 
CO 
60 
60 

60 


J 
S 

(£. 
% 



46 

55 

40 
50 
65 

...... 

1. 


Si 
£0 

60 
60 


60' 
CO 

65 

55 
55 
CO 

60' 
68 


13 
bo 

1 

=3 

OC 

'Z. 

GO 





60 

z 


o 

8 
19 

20 


i 
<s 

80 

80 



80 
70 
80 
80 
76 

80 
80 
80 

22 
10 

80 
30 

1 
1 




...... 




<J5 

80 
80 



CO 



z 

55 

02'^ 


u 

50 

85" 
1 


i 

z. 

80 
80 

80 

70' 
80 


J 

80 

80 
35 



1 




z. 


1 


45 

"Z 




55 
50 

60 
60 
50 

48 


45 
55 
50 

60 
40 
51) 

50 

1 


14 




12 





8 


40 


50 
50 
60 
50 

70 

so" 

50 
50 
50 

56 

.... 

70" 

50 
GO 

56 


1 


32 

33 
32 

34 


30 
30 
"I 




60^ 

60 

60 
50 
50 

60 




60 
60 

50 

50 

60 


60 



IM 



1 


8 
8 

11 


50 
54 

60 

1 

50 


'Z: 

'Z 


60 
55 

GO 
55 
50 

42 
00 


50 


8 
8 



r The weights here given are those fixed for determining 
the quantity of grain impjrted from foreign coun- 
triea. In furnishing army supplies, peas, beans, 
and potatoes must weigh GO pounds to the bushel. 



Charcoal to be measured in baskets not less than 20 
inches in average diameter, and to hold IS gallons 
level measure ; this to be considered as two bushels, 
or one strike. 



In Vermont, the bushel of charcoal is one bushel and 
three-fourths of a pock. 
" All other meal, except oat meal, 50 jiounds. 
"80 pounds for bituminous, and 70 pounds for canuel- 
coals. 



36 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



In measuring distances, where miles, etc., liave been commonly used, the term kilometer is generally employed 
as the unit. In measurements where the rod, yard, or foot has been used, the term meter is employed, and for 
delicate measurements, the miUimder is used. 

The following little multiplication table will facilitate the conversion of our measures of length into metrical 
measures, and the reverse : 

Conversion Table and Midtiples in 9 : — Loxg Measure. 





VALUE OF METERS EXPRESSED IN ENGLISH MEASURES. 


VALUE OF ENGLISH MEASURES EXPRESSED IN METERS, 




Kilometers 


Meters 


Meters 


Meters 


Meters 


Miles 


Rods 


Yards 


Feet 


Inches 




into 


into 


into 


into 


into 


into 


into 


into 


into 


into 




Miles. 


Rods. 


Yards. 


Feet. 


Inches. 


Kilometers. 


Meters. 


Meters. 


Meters. 


Meters. 


1 


0.621 


0.199 


1.094 


3.281 


39.37 


1.609 


5.025 


0.914 


0.305 


0.0254 


2 


1.243 


0.398 


2.187 


6.562 


78.74 


3.219 


10.050 


1.828 


0.610 


0.0508 


3 


1.864 


0.597 


3.281 


9.843 


118.11 


4.824 


15.075 


2.742 


0.915 


0.0762 


4 


2.485 


0.796 


4.375 


13.124 


157.48 


6.437 


20.100 


3.656 


1.220 


0.1016 


5 


3.107 


0.995 


5.468 


16.404 


196.85 


8.047 


25.125 


4.570 


1.525 


0.1270 


6 


3.728 


1.194 


6.562 


19.685 


236.22 


9.656 


30.150 


5.484 


1.830 


0.1524 


7 


4.350 


1.393 


7.656 


22.966 


275.59 


11.265 


35.175 


6.398 


2.135 


0.1778 


8 


4.971 


1.592 


8.749 


26.247 


314.96 


12.875 


40.200 


7.312 


2.440 


0.2032 


9 


5.592 


1.791 


9.843 


29.528 


354.33 


14.484 


45.225 


8.226 


2.745 


0.2286 



The use of this table may be illustrated by two examples : 

1. Supposing that we wish to change 87,437 meters into yards. We 
take from the column headed " meters into yards" the quantity set opposite 
7 (on the left-hand margin) ; then that opposite 3, carrying the whole one 
place to the left, and so of the rest, and then add. If ciphers occur in the 
multiplier, we ax'e simply to allow for the mby removing the ne.xt partial 
product one place for each. Observe to place the decimal point properly in 
the first line entered (but not in the other lines) and at a corresponding place 
in the sum. 

2. Required to change 11,402 /erf into meters. In this case the second 
line is carried two places to the left, because the second figure of the multi- 
plier was 0. We are careful to retain the ciphers on the right hand of 
the numbers found in tlie table, on account of their local value, but those 
on the left mav in this case be omitted. 

3477.610 meters. 
The meter is defined in the Canadian act of 1871 as = 1.093944 ymxh = 3.28133 /ee^ = 4.97247 links. 

SUPERFICIAL OR SQUARE MEASURE. 

The unit of square measure is the we, which is an area ten meters on a side, or 100 square meters. Where 
great areas, such as those of countries, are mentioned, it is customary to use the square kilometer (0.0359 sq. mile) 
as a unit; in common land measure, the hectare (2.471 acres), or sometimes, in speaking of small plats, the are, 
or proper unit; and in cloth measure and the like, the square meter. In delicate measurements of small areas, 
the square millimeter is occasionally used as the unit. 

The multiples and subdivisions of metrical square measure, as recognized by act of Congress, are given in 
the following table : 



7.656 
3281 
4375 
7656 
8749 

95623.966 yards 

.610 
1220 
305 
305 



Metrical 
Denominations. 



Square 
Meters. 



Area as Specified in 
Act of Congress. 



Hectare 10,000 

Are \ 100 

Centare | 1 



2.471 acres. 

119.6 square yards. 
1550 square inches. 



= 11967. 1444 square yards =247255.047 sq. links = 

square miles. 
= 0.024711431 acres. 
= 10.76430 sq. feet= 1.19603 sq. yards^ 



:0.386116112 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



37 



1 square league ^4.8276447 square kilometers. 
1 square kilometer ^0.20712747 square leagues. 



1 square inch = 6.4513668 square centimeters. 
1 square centimeter^ 0.15500591 square inches. 



Conversion Table and Multiples to 9 : — Square Measure. 



T41DE OF SOTARE METEIS, ETC., EXPRESSED IK ENGUSH SMARE MEASURE. 



VALUE OF ENGUSH SQUARE MEASURE EXPRESSED IK SQUARE METERS, ETC. 






0.0359 
0.0717 
0.1076 
0.1435 
0.1793 
0.2152 
0.2511 
0.2870 
0.322S 



2.471 

4.942 

7.413 

9.884 

12.355 

14.826 

17.297 

19.768 

22.239 



3.954 
7.908 
11.861 
15.814 
19.769 
23.723 
27.676 
31.631 
35.584 



128.492 
256.984 
385.476 
513.968 
642.460 
780.952 
899.444 
1027.936 
1156.428 



0.039 
0.079 
0.119 
0.158 
0.198 
0.237 
0.277 
0.316 
0.356 



quare Meters into — 



1.196 
2.392 

3.588 
4.784 
5.980 
7.176 
8.372 
9.568 
10.964 



10.764 
21.528 
32.293 
43.057 
53.821 
64.585J 
75.350 
96.114 
107.678, 



472.583 
945.168 
1417.751 
1890.335 
2362.919 
2835.503 
3308.087 
3780.670 
4253.254 







Square Rods into— 


5 E 


- E 




zz's 




i?.i 










"'1 


a 


Ares. 


Square 

Meters. 




a" 


27.855 


0.405 


0.253 


25.641 


0.836 


0.093 


55.710 


0.809 


0.506 


51.282 


1.672 


o.isej 


83.565 


1.214 


0.759 


76.923 


2.508 


0279] 


111.420 


1.619 


1.012 


102.564 


3.344 


O.372I 


139.275 


2.024 


1.265 


128.205 


4.180 


0.464' 


167.131 


2.428 


1.517 


153.846 


5.016 


0.557 


194.986 


2.833 


1.770 


179.487 


5.852 


0.650- 


222.841 


3.238 


2.023 


205.128 


6.688 


0.743' 


250.696 


4.047 


2.276 


230.769 


7.525 


0.836, 



000645 
.001290 
.001935 
.002580 
.003225 
.003870 
.004515 
.005160 
.005805 



SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. 

The unit of solid or cubic measure is the cubic meter or stere. It is applied to the measurement of timber, 
firewood, stone, earth, masonry, and the like, in cases where the cubic yard, cubic foot, cord, or perch are 
commonly used in English measures. The cubic meter has the same capacity as the stb-e, but differs from it in 
use, the former being employed in measurements where there are no interstices, as in hewn timber, and the latter 
applies to commodities that are piled, like firewood, with more or less of intervals between. 

Conversion Table and Multiples to 9 : — Cubic Mea.sure. 





Stores into 
Cords. 


Cubic Meters into — 


Cords into 
Stores. 


Perch 


Cubic Yards 


Cubic Feet 




Perch 
(16 J cubic ft.) 


Cubic Yards. 


Cubic Feet. 


(16 J ft.) into 
Cubic Meters. 


into 
Cubic Meters. 


into 
Cubic Meters. 


1 


0.276 


2.140 


1.308 


35.316 


3.616 


0.467 


0.764 


0.028 


2 


0.552 


4.281 


2.616 


70.633 


7.232 


0.934 


1.529 


0.057 


3 


0.828 


6.421 


3.924 


105.949 


10.848 


1.401 


2.293 


0.085 


4 


1.104 


8.561 


5.232 


141.266 


14.464 


1.868 


3.058 


0.113 


5 


1.380 


10.701 


6..540 


176.582 


18.080 


2.336 


3.822 


0.142 


6 


1.656 


12.842 


7.848 


211.899 


21.696 


2.803 


4.587 


0.170 


7 


1.932 


14.982 


9.156 


247.216 


25.312 


3.270 


5.352 


0.198 


8 


2.208 


17.122 


10.464 


282.532 


28.928 


3.737 


6.116 


0.226 


9 


2.484 


19.263 


11.772 


317.849 


! 32.544 


4.204 


6.881 


0.255 



1 cubic inch = 16.386175 cubic centimeters = 0.0000163 cubic meters. 
1 cubic meter =^ 61026 048 cubic inches. 

= 2.2072863 cord-feet. 

= 0.88291457 tons round timber. 

^= 0.70633166 tons hewn timber. 

= 0.84087104 shipping tons. 
1 cord-foot = 0.45304497 cubic meters. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 

The unit of measure of capacity or contents is the liter, which is a ciihic decimeter-, and is the same for 
all dry and liquid articles that are sold by measure. For grain measure, the hectoliter (2 bushels 3.35 pecks) is 
commonly used. 



38 



THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



The denominations of this measure, with their equivalents, are as follows ; 



Sletrical 
Denominations. 


Capacity in 
Liters. 


Relation to the 
Cubic Meter. 


Equivalent in Dry Measure, 
etc. 


Equivalent in Liquid or 
Wine Measure. 




1000. 
100. 
10. 
1. 
0.1 
0.01 
0.001 


1. cubic meter. 
0.1 " 
10 cubic decimeters. 
1 " decimeter. 
0.1 " 
0.01 " 
0.001 " 


1.308 cubic yards. 
2 bushels, 3.35 pecks. 
9.08 quarts. 
0.908 quarts. 
6.1022 cubic inches. 
0.6102 '= 
0.06102 " 


264.17 gallons. 
26 417 "allons 


Hectoliter 




2 6417 "allons 


Liter 


1.0567 quarts. 
845 "ills 


Deciliter 


Centiliter 




Milliliter 


27 fluid drachms 









Conversion Table and Multiples to 9 : — Measure of Capacity. 





Hectoliters into 


Liters into 


Dry Measure. 


Liquid Measure. 




Bushels. 


Gallons. 


Quarts. 


Quarts. 


Bushels into 


Quarts into 


Gallons into 


Quarts into 




(Liq'd Meas.) 


(Dry Meas.) 


(Liq'd Meas.) 


Hectoliters. 


Liters. 


Hectoliters. 


Liters. 


1 


2.837 


26.417 


0.908 


1.056 


0.352 


1.101 


0.038 


0.946 


2 


5.675 


52.834 


1.816 


2.113 


0.705 


2.202 


0.070 


1.893 


3 


8.512 


79.251 


2.724 


3.170 


1.057 


3.303 


0.113 


2.839 


4 


11.350 


105.668 


3.632 


4.227 


1.410 


4.405 


0.151 


3.785 


5 


14.187 


132.085 


4.540 


5.283 


1.762 


5.506 


0.189 


4.731 


6 


17.025 


158.502 


5.448 


6.340 


2.114 


6.607 


0.227 


5.678 


7 


19.862 


184.919 


6.356 


7.397 


2.467 


7.708 


0.265 


6.624 


8 


22.700 


211.336 


7.264 


8.453 


2.819 


8.809 


0.303 


7.570 


9 


25.537 


237.753 


8.172 


9.510 


3.172 


9.910 


0.341 


8.517 



1 imperial bushel ^ 36.3233 liters. 

1 hectoliter ^ 3.53145 cubic feet. 

1 barrel (U. S. wine measure) = 1.19259 hectoliters. 



1 barrel (imperial measure) = 1.63564 hectoliters. 
1 barrel (beer measure) = 1.66232 hectoliters. 



MEASURES OF WEIGHT. 

The unit of weight in the metrical system is the gram, whicii is the weight of a cubic volume of water, 
one centimeter on a side, at the temj)erature of greatest density. In heavy weights, where the ton lias been 
u.sually employed, tlie millier or tonnea.u (2204. G pounds avoirdupois) may be conveniently used. In the common 
weighing of merchandise, the kilogram (2.2046 pouuds) is generally employed, and in delicate weights, the gram 
and its decimal parts. 



Metrical 
Denominations. 


Number of 
Grams. 


Weight of what Quantity 
of Water at Max. Density. 


Equivalent in 
Avoirdupois Weight. 


Equivalent in Troy 
Weight. 


Millier or Tonneau. 


1,000,000. 

100,000. 

10,000. 

1000. 

100. 

10. 

1. 

0.1 

0.01 

0.001 


1 cubic meter. 

1 hectoliter. 
10 liters. 

1 liter. 

1 deciliter. 
10 cubic centimeters. 

1 cubic centimeter. 
^^ of a cubic centimeter. 
10 cubic millimeters. 

1 cubic millimeter. 


2204.6 pounds. 
220.46 pounds. 
22.046 pounds. 

2.2046 pounds. 

3.5274 ounces. 

0.3527 ounces. 
15.432 grains. 

1.5432 grains. 

0.1543 grains. 

0.0154 grains. 


2679.2273 pounds. 
267.92273 pounds. 
26.792273 pounds. 
2.6792273 pounds. 
3.2150737 ounces. 


Myriagram 

Kilogram or Kiln.. 




32150737 ounces. 


Gr.\m 


15.43235 grains. 
1.54323 grains. 




Centigram, 

Milligram 


0.15432 grains. 
0.01.543 graih.s. 







THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 



39 



Conversion Table and Multiples to 9 : — Weights. 





Metrical 


Weight.s into Avoirdupois. 


Avoirdupois into Metrical Weights. 




Milliers or Ton- 


Kilograms 


Grams 


Tons of 2000 lbs. 


Pounds 


Ounces 




neau into Tons 


into 


into 


into Milliers or 


into 


into 




of 2000 pounds. 


Pounds. 


Ounces. 


Tonneau. 


Kilograms. 


Grams. 


1 


1.102 


2.205 


0.035 


0.907 


0.454 


28.349 


2 


2.205 


4.409 


0.070 


1.814 


0.907 


56.699 


3 


3.307 


6.614 


0.106 


2.722 


1.361 


85.048 


4 


4.409 


8.818 


0.141 


3.629 


1.814 


113.398 


5 


5.511 


11.023 


0.176 


4.536 


2.268 


141.748 


6 


G.C14 


13.228 


0.212 


5.443 


2.722 


170.097 


7 


7.716 


15.432 


0.247 


6.350 


3.175 


198.447 


8 


8.818 


17.637 


0.282 


7.257 


3.629 


226.796 


9 


9.921 


19.842 


0.317 


8.165 


4.082 


251.459 



1 millier = 0.98420595 tons of 2240 pounds. 
1 ton of 2240 pounds = 1.0160475 milliers. 

r 1 grain = 64.798949 milligrams. 
Troy J 1 pennyweight = 1.5551747 grams. 
Weight. 1 1 ounce = 31.103495 grams. 

[ 1 pound = 0.37324194 kilograms. 
Apothecary ( 1 scruple := 1.2959789 grams. 
Weight. I 1 drachm = 3.8879369 grams. 



1 gram = 15.43235 grains. 

= 0.64301457 pennyweights. 
1 hectogram = 3.2150737 ounces. 
1 kilogram ^ 2.6792273 pounds. 
1 gram ^= 0.7716175 scruples. 

= 0.25720582 drachms. 



ylfe^ 




Sir 






OF k MM PLU 
MTENDEl FOB 1 






'if 












^S - ^t ^4 '^* * <*^«<^, ^,::. , v.^vv 
^t »* ,^, ■?* it*- '*5!-4 ^**;'"-" ^- .*?"*. ■♦if--- 





FastiLre 




Ceil hid FuUL 

, SOjcres ' 



SouiJi fielcL ior ( iTcclLs &' 



PUBLIC H/GHW,4y 




:E> J^T^T XT. 

(IVo. 1.) 

Farm T]eoord. 



S^l^is Ilec\i3tcr ^^^r/ale-i ta t/ie c^^v^;?^ au-i-ned /i^ — 

-J cc/Uaimna cccneA^ 

/t-ec/iry QtcUcn .^ m <^^ul/)6/i(/t .^ ^^anae 

(^oun/i/, ^ ^ a-^?ic/ Q^lale o/.. 



ABSTRACT OF TITLE OF THE FARM. 



Kind of Date of 

Conveyance, Conveyance, 



Place of Record, 



Volume, Page, 



SURVEY BILL OF THE FARM. 



»..,„ ....,.,,. 5 i i 8 =—''' — > ! 


: — ._^ 


: 














j _ -_ 








1 




- 
























































. -.1- -' - 










-"- 








I 1 












:: ':'t — '- 


— : -i: 


■ Ti — -^p- — i : 




1 j -r-. i 


■■ -.!. • -tz--^-': :. - 








mi '■—. : 




imr 










"'"^'"'^ 1 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 


- --"-. - 




1 J 








. - ■_ _:--z 








^-: 


Ti: j::;----^--;_-±:--==e 






- ;; -:--- - 


---:f- ^Tir^=-:^:f^ 


-}--.- ': r=j :-^.=^_E 


.Sil > 


























: — i: 




- 










- 






" ;=f" 




' ' '" - ■ ■ 






' 
















■ 


: : 






7 




^_ . . 
































i 






























I 1 














L_ ., k^4-^-4^ 








"I- . ; 



Nusl,.h\ 5 


? ? ? e ! H ^ g ? 5 J B r B t ^ ? ? ? > 1 
























,,: i i i i 




I 1 






1 








































! j 


'""'' 1 1 i 1 i t 


1 1 § § S S 1 : 
















i ■ 
i 








1 j 1 


! 


1 1 

1 


! 


I 






,' 1 ^ , : 


1 . . , 1 . ; 



I!„J„-I. 


T 


* 


1 


""" 








ill 




I 


1 
























_ 


1 

! 


1 


i 






( ^ 
















1 i 


Hushds 


s : 














; 






1 
















i 












1 


1 




i 






1 






















n 




i 


1 












- 








1 







litt.tfu'lx 


i 1 i i ^ 1 ^ 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 




1 

1 




; 


' i--:|— - 


:-:-!-. 


J 1 










r 








. , , 


- - 


ft- 




f -.! - .- '■ 








I ■ ' ■■• 


_---,!- ;:-;-.. ;.| 
















r — ; 






-^--i^^-^'^: 


_- :_ ' 








-:^ 








'"'' 
































































JOO 




^-~i' ' \ ' ~ 


1 


'"'Y^^'^^^'- — 






too 


--^- 







— i— ' 






- - 


^-- 


E:^ifiii 


\J- 41-- "I ■ ;-■- - 


■ - 


, 


Jfusheh 


! 1 1 1 1 1 1 i I i 1 1 1 i 1 § 1 i i 1 1 1 1 




I : . 












--, 
























] r 


'-: 










:_ _fc_^ ;.■ 


















































- 




































Ol 










































































'"'" 




: - - 


--;---!--■- 


























- 

































DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF SEED-TIME. 



Winter Wheat, 



Spring Wheat, 



Barley. 



Winter Rye. ' Spring Rye, Oats, i Indian Corn, 



1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
188-1 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. 5a.) 

DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF SEED-TIME.— CW^m^ted 



Common 
Potatoes. 



Sweet 
PotatoeSi 



Turnips. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF HARVEST. 



YEARS. ; Winter Wheat. ' Spring Wheat. Barley. 



Winter Rye. 



Spring Rye. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
18SG 
1887 
1888 
1889 
ISOO 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189 1 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF H M^y EST. — Co7ifi7med. 



Common 
Potatoes. 



Sweet 
Potatoes. 



Turnips. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1891 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(Pfo. 7.) 

DATES OF FIRST BLOSSOMING OF CULTIVATED FRUIT-TREES, SHRUBS, AND 

VINES. 




1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
- 1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



DATES OF FIRST RIPENING OF CULTIVATED FRUITS. 



Apples. 



Pears. Peaches. 



Plums. Garden Cherries. 



Grapes. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188C 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



DATES OF FIRST BLOSSOMING OF WILD FRUIT-BEARING PLANTS. 



Field 


Red 


Blacl< 


High 


Blacl< 


Strawberries. 


Raspberries. 


Raspberries. 


Blacltberries. 


Cherries 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



DATES OF FIRST RIPENING OF WILD FRUITS. 



Field 
Strawberries, 



Red 
Raspberries, 



Blacli 
Raspberries. 



High 
Blacl<berries, 



Black 
Cherries. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
189.3 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(]Vo. 11.) 

DATES OF FIRST BLOSSOMING OF COMMON CULTIVATED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 



Daffodils. Garden Violets, i ^l°^"„if 



Horse 
Chestnuts. 



Common 
Locust Trees. 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

188C 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

189G 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



(IVo. 12.) 

DATES OF FIRST BLOSSOMING OF WILD PLANTS. 



Shad Bush. 
{Amehucfiitr Can- 
adensis.) 



Red Maple, Spring Beauty. Wild Coiumbine. | Flowering Dog- I Chestnut, 

(Acer Subrum) iCIaijIxmia Vir- UAquUeriia Cana- , wood. \ (Castanea Ame: 

1 ginica.) densis. (Cormis Florida.) ' <=«'"»•) 



Cardinal Flower. 
(Lobelia Cardi- 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



DATES OF FIRST APPEARANCE OF BIRDS IN SPRING. 



Wild Geese 
flying North. 



Crow 
Blackbirds. 



Red-Wing 
Blackbirds, 



Martins. Barn Swalli 



1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(]Vo. 13a.) 



DATES OF FIRST APPEARANCE OF B\HDS. — CoJiHiuied. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
ISSi 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



BOB-0-LINKS. 

(.Heed Birds.) 
(Bice Birds.) 



Wild Geese 
fljing South. 



DATES OF FIRST APPEARANCE OF FISHES, REPTILES, AND INSECTS. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
189S 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899' 
190a 



Shad 
first caught, 



Herring Sturgeon 

first caught, lirst caught. 



Fire-Flies 
first seen. 



Locusts 
first heard. 



Grasshoppers 
first seen. 



(r>fo. i.-i.) 
DATES OF FIRST USE OF GARDEN PRODUCTS GROWN IN THE OPEN AIR, AND 

NOT IN HOT-BEDS. 




1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-4 
1893 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. XO.) 



DATES OF PERIODICAL EVENTS DEPENDENT UPON THE SEASONS. 



YEARS. 


Sleighing ended. 


Ice gone from 
the 


Snow gone. 


First 
Thunder Shower, 


Trees in 
Leaf Generally. 


First 
Autumnal Frost, 


First 
Killing Frost. 


Aut 


First 
umnal Snow. 


1878 




















1879 




















188U 




















1881 




















1882 




















1883 




















1884 




















1885 




















1886 




















1887 




















1888 




















1889 




















1890 




















1891 




















1892 




















1893 




















1894 




















1895 




















189G 




















1897 




















1898 




















1899 





















1900 



(JVo. IGa.) 



DATES OF PERIODICAL EVENTS DEPENDENT UPON THE SE^SONS.— Continued. 



Trees Mostly 

Indian Summer, Stripped ^Sleighing Began, 

of Leaves. 



Solid Ice for 

Crossing 

tha 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 

1884: 

1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 



1899 
1900 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



Heavy Floods and Snows ; Frost out of Season ; Drouths i Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. 



Days. 



1878 

1879 
18SU 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1891 
1895 
1S9G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(jVo. 17.) 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



Months. Dajs. 



Heavy Floods and Snows ; Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



Heavy Floods and Snows ; Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. 





DATE. 




YEARS. ; 


Months. 


Days. 


1878 






1879 






1880 






1881 






1882 






1883 






1884 






1885 






1886 






1887 







1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



Days. 



Heavy Floods and Snows ! Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and iWemorable Events generally. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
188-i 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



Months. Days, 



Heavy Floods and Snows : Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— WINDS. 



Days Observed from Different Points. 



YEARS. 



Southwest, West. 



Northwest,' Cain 



Prevailing Wind, , Angle of Resultant, 



1878 

1879 
1880 
ISSl 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-t 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— TOTAL DEPTH OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW, 

IN INCHES, IN OPEN FIELDS. 



January. 



February. 



April. 



May. 



July. 



August. 



Sep- 
tember. 



October, November. December. 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

188-i 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

189-t 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



(IVo. lOlT.) 



TOTAL DEPTH OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW IN WOODLANDS. 



January, 


February. 


March, 


April. 


May. 


'June. 


July. 


August. 


Sep- 
tember, 


October. 


November. 


December. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 



1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899- 

1900 



(IVo. 3<>.) 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATJONS— TEMPERATURE OF THE OPEN AIR. 



YEARS. 



Monthly Means by Fahrenheit Scale. 



April. 



May. 



July. Aug 



Sep- I Oc- 
' tember. I tober. 



No- 
vember. 



De- 
cember, 



Highest. Lowest, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
188-1 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 30a.) 

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— TEMPERATURE OF AIR IN WOODLANDS. 



Monthly Means by Fahrenheit Scale, 



May. 



July, 



August, 



I Sep- 
i tember. 



Oc- 
tober, 



No- 
vember. 



De- 
cember, 



Extremes, 



Highest, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1SS2 
1888 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— BAROMETER. 



Monthly Mean? of Atmospheric Pressure in English Inches, corrected to 32^ Fahrenheit. 



January, 



April, 



May. ! June. July. [ August. 



Sep- Oc- 
tember. i tober. 



No- 
vember. 



De- 
cember. 



Highest. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 32.) 

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE. 



Mean Monthly Pressure of Vapor, measured by a Column of Mercury which the Elastic Force of Vapor II 
would Support:— Inches. H 



Extremes. 



January.! 



Feb- 
ruary. 



March, i April. I May. 



I II A * ,' Sep- ! Oc- ' No- ! De- ' . , ^ 

June. I July. August, i .„r, ,„l„, , u ' l Highest, 
•' ^ tember. ' tober. vember. i cember. ' ° 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 

1S9(; 

1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 33a.) 

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE IIM WOODLANDS. 



Mean Monthly Pressure of Vapor, measured by a Column of Mercury which the Elastic Force of Vapor 
would Support!— Inches. 



F»h I ! I '• . . I Sep- I Oc- No- De- 

January,! ^J^°" j March. April, j May. | June, i July. August. I ,^^^j,^| ,^|,^^^ ' vember. cember. 

! I I I i 1 I ! I ^ 



Highest. I Lowest, 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



(No. 23.) 

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE. 



Mean Monthly Percentage of Moisture in tlie Atmosplierei Absolute Dryness being 0, and Saturation 100. , Extremes. 



January. I March. , April. May. I June. July. I August. . . i , . .1 . '! Highest. '■ Lowest. 

■' ruary, i i i i : tember. tober. vember. cember. , ° 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
188-4 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1880 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(TVo. aSa.) 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 

IN WOODLANDS. 



Percentage of Moisture in the Atmosplierei Absolute Dryness being 0, and Saturation 100. 



YEARS. I I I ' I 

Feb- ' ' ' 

January.! March. I April. | May. I June. 

■' I ruary. , "^ •' j 



II A » Sep- Oc- 
Ju y. I August. , I , . 

■" ° tember. I tober, 



No- ; De- 
vember, I cember. 



Highest. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACES. 



Total Depth of Water Evaporated from an Open Water Surface in English Inches. 



January. 



April, I May. 



June. I July. 



Aueust ^^' ^'^' i ^°' ""■ 
° ' I tember. I tober. j vember. i cember.l 



Highest. 



Lowest, I 



Annual Mean. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1881= 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(]Vo. ata.) 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACES 

IN WOODLANDS. 



Total Depth of Water Evaporated from an Open Water Surface in English Inches, 



January. 



April. 



May. I June. ' July. 



, I Sep- I Oc- No- I Db- 

° ' 1 tember. ' tober. vember. j cember, 



Higfiest. Lowest, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1881 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(]Vo. 25.) 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— GENERAL SUMMARIES. 



No. OF DAYS IN EACH YEAR. 



DAYS ON WHICH AURORAS WERE SEEN, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE SEASONS. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 37.) 

HAY CROP. 



Disposition of 

'^""f- Average Price 
. , per Ton. 



SEED GRASS. 



CQ CQ 



Average Price per 
Bushel. 



Total Receipts 
from Hay Crop. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



WINTER WHEAT CROP. 



Disposition of the 
Crop. ! 



Average Price per j^,,, r,,,, ,,, 
Bushel Soid. "^ 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



SPRING WHEAT CROP. 



2 -= I 



Disposition of the 
Crop. 



Average Price per 
Bushel Sold. 



Total Receipts. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 30.) 

RYE CROP. 







« 










Bushels, 






=-s 


^ 1 


? "" 






































1 


3: 


■< 



Disposition of the 
Crop. 



CD I 00 



Average Price per 
Bushel Sold 



Total Receipts. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



BARLEY CROP. 



>■ CO 
Si -2 



Disposition of the 
Crop. 



Average Price per 
Bushei Sold, 



Totai Receipts. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



dVo. 32.) 









£ 










Bushels, 


s. 






TS 
















S 




■g 


>- 


cn 




S 


UJ 


© 


1 i 


> 
















z 


^ 



Disposition of the 
Crop. 



OAT CROP. 



*^Si''so^!'"i T°'»' «-^ip'=' 



m CD 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
18911 
1900 



INDIAN CORN CROP. 



Disposition of the 
Crop. 



Average Price of Sales. 



Corn in the 
Ear. 



Total Receipts. 



1878 II 

II 

1879 

1880 

1881 

I 
1882 I 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

189-1 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



BUCKWHEAT CROP. 



Disposition of ttieJ 

^'°V- I Average Price per 

Busliel Sold, 



Total Receipts. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. 3.->.) 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



PEA CROP. 



Disposition of the 
Crop. 



Average Price of 
Ripe Peas Sold, 



Value of Green 
Peas Sold. 



Total Receipts. 



BEAN CROP. 



Disposition of the I 

Crop. I Average Price pei 

Bushei Sold. 



Total Receipts. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



COMMON POTATO CROP. 





1 


Bushels, 


Average Yield per Acre, 


Disposition of the 
Crop, 


Average P 


Ice per 


Total Receipts, 




YEARS, 


Planted. 
Harvested, 


Bushels Used, 
Bushels Sold. 


Bushel Suiu, 




REMARKS, 




$ 




$ 






1878 
























1879 






















1880 
























1881 
























1882 






















1883 






















188-4 
























1885 
























1886 
























1887 




















1888 
























1889 
























1890 
























1891 
























1892 
























1893 






















1894 






















1895 




















1896 






















1897 

























1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 38.) 

SWEET POTATO CROP. 









g 


Disposition of the 












i 


1 
■i 


Crop. 


Average Price per 
Bushel Sold. 


Total Receipts. 




YEARS. 


Bushels Used. 
Bushels Sold. 


REMARKS. 




$ 




P 






1878 


















1879 


















1880 
















: 


1881 




















1882 
















1883 
















1884 


\ 














1885 












1 




1886 


i 










' 




1887 


i 
















1888 


















1889 





















1890. 

1891 

1892 

1893 ij 

1894 

1895 i' 

1896 

1897 i 

1898 '' 
1899 
1900 



TURNIP CROP. 



Disposition of the 
Crop, 



Average Price ^^,^| r^^^, ,^ 
per Bushel. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



CARROT CROP. 



1 




"S 




£ 












1 




M 


^ 


s 






"S 


o *0 




YEARS, 


-D 


CO 


oc -^ 






3 


*5 


o ?^ 


>- c 


1 


<yj 


-S 


-~ 


Sj" 


































<c 






* 



Disposition of tlie 
Crop, 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



Average Price I Total Receipts, 
per Bushel, 



FLAX CROP. 



Average Price per 
Bushel, 



« \$ I 



Average Price per 
Pound. 



Totai Receipts. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



HEMP CROP. 



Average Price per 
Tons Produced. Pound Sold 



1S8.S 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 





1 


r 


en 
s 
O 








Tot.ll Receipts 
from Hemp. 










YEARS. 


Dew 
Rotted, 

Cts. 


W,iter 
Rotted, 

Cts, 


c£ 


m 




REMARKS. 




$ 




1878 


























1879 


























1880 


























1881 


























1882 



























TOBACCO CROP. 



Pounds of 
Tobacco Har- 
vested, 



Average Price , ,. . ■ r. • . 
. V ij ' S J Tola Receipts, 

Average Yield per Pound. H '^ 

per Acre 1; 

(Pounds). 



1878 
1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



Bought. Sold. 



HOP CROP. 



Average Price 

of Roots per 

Bushel. 



Total I 
Receipts. 



Cts. IS 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
188i 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



SORGHUM CROP. 



YEARS. 


Acres Planted. 


Bushels of Seed 
Planted. 


Gallons of Syrup 
Made. 


Pounds of Sugar 
Made, 


Average Price per 

Gallon of Syrup 

Sold. 


Total Receipts. 


REMARKS. 




Cts. 


$ 






1878 !: 














1879 ', 




1 
j 








1880 


; 










1881 \. 














1882 

1' 














1883 














1884 












1885 


' 














1886 


! 
















1887 
















1 


1888 ji 
















1889 , 
















1890 L 
















1891 
















1892 


f 










i 




' 



1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 

1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 46.) 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



YEARS. 




1878 




1879 




1880 




1881 




1882 




1883 




1884 




1885 ; 




1886 




1887 




1888 




1880 




1890 , 




1891 




1892 




1893 




1894 




1895 




1896 




1897 




1898 




1899 




1900 





RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 46.) 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. 46.) 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 46.) 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. 4«.) 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



RESULTS OF THE CROP OF 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



INJURIES TO CROPS. 



Date. 






Year. 


Month. 


Day, 


Extent of Injury, 


Nature of the Injuries, as Hail, Frost, Rust, Drouth, Winds, Running Fires, etc, specifying the crops injured, and such 
remarks as appear proper. 













INJURIES TO CROPS. 



Extent of Injury. 



Nature of the Injuries, as Hail, Frost, Rust, Oroutli, Winds, Running Fires, etc., specifying the crops injured, and such 
remarks as appear proper. 



Month, Day. 



STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS USED. 





Stable and Yard Manure. 


Plaster. 


Guano. 


Lime for Agricultural Use. 


YEARS. 


1 

Produced 
on Farm 
(Loads). 


Purchased. 


Tons 
Used. 


Average 

Price per 

Ton. 


Total Cost, 


Tons 
Used. 

1 


Average 

Price per 

Ton. 


Total Cost, 


Bushels Made. 


Value. 




Loads. 


Am't Paid. 


For Use. 


For 
Sale. 


Bought. 1 Sold. 




S 




$ 




$ 




$ 




$ 




$ 


\$ 




1878 ' 












1 














1879 ! 






I 








1880 i: 














1881 
1882 














1883 

1884 






































1885 
















1886 










1887 


i 


























1888 


; [ 






i 
















1889 








• 


















1890 
















1891 


















1892 


1 














1893 
1894 
















1895 




















1896 






















1897 














1898 
















1899 












1900 























































(No. 4.8a.) 



STATISTICS OF FERTILIZERS USED.— Continued. 



Other Fertilizers Used. 



1878 

1879 
1880 

1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. 40.) 



STATISTICS OF ORCHARD FRUIT CULTURE. 



-A. 1= IP Xi E S. 



NUMBER OF TREES. 



VALUE OF YOUNG TREES, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



Bought. 



CO n CO 



Total 
Receipts, 



Total 
Receipts. 



STATISTICS OF ORCHARD FRUIT CULTURE. 







YEARS. 


Number of Trees. 


Value of Young Trees. 


Fresh Fruit. 




Of Bearing 
Age. 


Planted 
during Year. 


Died or Cut 

)own during 

Year. 


Young Trees' 
Sold 


Bought. Sold, 




Sold. 


Average Price pari ., . , „ 

^ Total Receipts. 




Harvested. 


! 


i 


; 


$ 1 




f 


1. 




1878 i; 




I 




















1879 •' 


























i, 
1880 !■ 


























1881 




















1 




1882 ; 
























1883 1' 


























f 
1884 f 




























1885 


























1886 t 


























1887 i 




























1888 . 






i 






















1889 ^ 




























1890 




























1891 








1 
1 




















1892 




























1893 




























1894 




























1895 










' 


















1896 




























1897 










1 


















1898 




























1899 






















I 






1900 































{ISO. son.) 



STATISTICS OF ORCHARD FRUIT CliLT\iRE.—Co?itinued. 



Pounds 
Dried, 



Pounds 
Sold. 



Average Price 
per Pound. 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 |: 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 |: 

li 

1887 |: 

1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



Quantity 
Canned. 



Quantity j Average Price per 
Sold. 



Total Receipts. 



Total Expenses. 



(JNo. 51.) 

STATISTICS OF BERRIES AND OTHER SMALL FRUITS RAISED FOR MARKET. 





1 

o 

1 






YEARS. 


Sold Fresh. 


Sold Dried. 


Sold Canned. 


Receipts 
from Crop. 


Expenses on 

Account of 

Crop. 


REIVIARKS. 




Quantity, 

( ) 


\verage Price per 


Quantity. 

( . . ) 


\verage Price per 


Quantity. 
( ) 


Average Price per 






5 '. 




8 


S 1 


S \ U 






1 








1878 


















1879 
































1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 




















































1885 
188G 
1887 

1 QQQ 






















































1 QfiO 
























loo J 

1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 

1 QQ^ 










































































I 














lOVD 

1 Qoa 
















1 






1897 
















































X0i70 

1899 
iQnn 




























loUU 































STATISTICS OF FRUIT CULTURE: GENERAL RESULTS OF THE YEAR. 



Number of Trees Set Out. 



«: a. I o. 



Number of Grafts Set, 



Receipts from all 
Sources, 



Expenses, 



For Hired Labor, i Total Expenses. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
190O 



(TVo. G3.1 



STATISTICS OF GARDEN PRODUCTS SOLD. 











1 






























!: 




YEARS, 


hels Raised, 

hels Sold. 

Aver. Price 
per Bushel, 


i 1 


i 


si 

< a. 




1 


: « 






oc 




£« 




Total Receipts. 


Total 
Expenses. 


REMARKS. 








$_ 






; 




* 1 


f 




* 






1878 




















i 




1! 










1879 


























1880 
1881 






























1882 


, 






























1883 


















1884 




















1885 




















1886 




















1887 


































1888 






















1889 
































1890 






























1891 


































1892 


























189.3 




















1 




1894 
































1 




1895 


























" 






1896 
























1897 




































1898 






























1899 




























1900 
















































1 






1 



(IVo. ^4,.) 



MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP. 



Sugar Season. 



Pounds of Sugar, 



Average 

Price 

per 

Pound. 



Gallons of Syrup, 



Price 

per 

Galion, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
I'JOO 



Total Amount of 
Sales. 



HORSES. MULES, Etc. 



Horses, Colts, etc., at Beginning 
of Season, 



M I ^ 









Sought, 






s. 


r 




1 


^ 


1 


>■ 


>■ 




J5 


rt 




•^ 




*■ 


^ 


>- 


Total Cost, 


























° 


S 


> 


03 


-o 




g 


ho 


° 


o 


= 








S 








So 


C3 


E 


t3 


O 


s 









Sold. 


' w 


w 




^ 


























1 i_ 


1- 






























' o 


fan 


^ 


o = : 


= 


-o 


£ 


42 43 










CO 









1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 5G.) 



NEAT CATTLE. 



At the Beginning of the Season. 



Bought. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
188-1 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(:Vo. 50a.) 



NEAT C^JJLL.—Contulue(i. 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



= 


i 


z 























Total Receipts. 



Receipts from 
all Sources. 



(]N"o. Oi 



SHEEP HUSBANDRY. 













Number of Head. 




Lost. 




Dates, 




Fleeces Shorn. 




YEARS, 


"i) i 


■f 


m 


s> 


Butchered. 


Killed by Dogs. 


At the End of the 
Season, 


1 

i "^^ 

1 o 


o 


Number. 


! 

i Average 
1 Weight, 


Total 
Weight. 




Sheep. 


Lambs, 





1878 

1870 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 . 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1S96 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



(jVo. 57a.) 

SHEEP HYiSBAf^D^W.— Continued. 





1 ! 

Disposition of the Wool. Total Receipts. 1 




YEARS. : 


Pounds Used In 
Family. 


! 
1 

Average Weigiit 
Pounds Sold. per Fleece. 


Sheep and Lambs ,,, . . , , 
Sold. *'""^°"'' 1 

1 


REMARKS. 




! 1 

s $ ! 


! 

1 




1878 
1879 














1880 
ISSl 
1882 


























1 viRQ 








looo 

1884 
1885 
1880 
1887 




i 
























1888 








1889 












1890 














1891 












1892 






li 


1893 














1894 
1895 
























1896 
















1897 




1 


1898 












i 


1899 






! 






1900 





























(PS'o. 38.) 



SWINE. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1S8I 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
18fl0 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189(3 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



At Beginning of 


» 


Season. 


^ 


' n 


o 








° s 


i; 


Z' 


Se 


°i 


s 






2 














o 


= 


1 — 



One Year Oid, or More. 



Average Price. 



Pigs. 



Average Price. 



Sold, 



One Year Old, or iVIore. 



Pigs. 



Average Price. 



Average Price. 



^ 

1 = 



(No. 58a..) 



^VJmE.— Continued. 



1878 
1870 
1880 
1881 
1882 
188^ 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



Pigs. 



Pigs. 



At End 
of Season, 



Disposition of the Products, 



Pounds of Porl<, 



Average j i Average 

Priceperl Used, Sold, Priceper 
Pound. I I Pound, 



Average 
Sold. 'Price per 
I Pound 



Estimated 

Expense 

of Fattening, 



Total Receipts, 



(jNo. 50.) 



DAIRY PRODUCTS (HOME). 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 

1884: 

1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1880 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



Tolal 
Receipts, 



Total 
Receipts. 



Name of 
Cliief Purchaser 

or IMarliet 
to wtiicli Sent. 



Total Name of 

Receipts. Chitf Purchaser 
or Market 
to which Sent. 



CVo. GOa.) 



DAIRY PRODUCTS (FACTORY). 





Milk Sold to Factory. 


Milk Manufactured for Owner. 


„ J „ J Average Price at 
Pounds Made. ^^^^ s^|j_ 


Total Receipts. 


YEARS. 


w 


Ave-age 
Pi ice per 
Gallon. 

_ 1 




Paid per Pound for 
Manufacture. 




1 
tter. 

eese, 


1 
From From General 
Butter. 1 Cheese. Total. 






i i 


» QO 

" 1 Cts. 


o 


1 


1 


o 


$ 




1 


o 


_Cts._ 


$ t 


__ »_ 




1878 






















1879 






















1880 






















1881 


















1882 


























1883 


















- 








1884 


















1885 




























1886 


























1887 




























1888 














1 












1889 




























1890 






















1891 




























1892 


























1893 




















_ 1 






1894 






























1895 




















1890 
























1897 


























1898 


























1899 
































1900 



























































POULTRY. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 



Average Number Kept. 



Eggs Sold. Poultry Sold. 



a 13 



a. = 

SlO- 



Total Expenses. 



Total Receipts, 



1883 

188-1: 

1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. Ol.) 



WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


1 


BEGAN. 


" NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


BEGAN. 


Year, j Month. Day, 

1 


Year. 


Month. 


Day. 




















































































































































- 













































































































































(IVo. «S1.) 

WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 





BEGAN, 


NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


BEGAN. 


NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


1 
Year. I Month. 


Day. 


Year. 


Month. 


Day. 






i 


1 










- 














































































































































































































f] 















































































WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTJC ANIMALS. 



NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


BEGAN. 


NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


BEGAN, 


I 
Year, | Month. 

I 


Day. 


Year. 


Month. Day. 













































































































































FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 



! I 

Year. | Month. ', Day, i| Year, I Month, \ Day, 



DISPOSITION MADE AND REMARKS. 



FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 





BEGAN, 


ENDED. 




NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 


Year. Month. Day. 

1 1 


1 i 
Year, Month. Day. 

,1 .1 


DISPOSITION MADE AND REMARKS. 




' ! 




! 























































































































































































FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 



Year. Month. Day. 



Month. Day. 



DISPOSITION MADE AND REMARKS. 



{IVo. «3.) 

BEE-KEEPING:— HONEY AND WAX. 





Number of Swarms of Bees. 

1 


Dates. 


Yield In Pounds, 


Receipts fr 


m Honey, 


YEARS. 


e Beginning 
' Season, 

Swarms, 


he End of 
leason. 


irst Swarm, 
.ast Swarm, 




S 


t1 


Pounds Sold, 




Total Receipts. 


1 
1878 

1879 


Atth 
of 

New 
Bouf 


<» , -2 •< li ° ° i ^ 


CIS, 


$ 


1 11 


' 






















1880 








1881 










1882 
1883 
























1884 
















188.^ 














1886 












1887 
1888 


















1889 


















1890 


















1891 




















1892 


















1893 




















1894 














1895 


















1896 














1897 














1898 












1899 










1900 





























(IVo. o:ta.) 



BEE-KEEPING:— HONEY AND \N kX.— Continued. 



Receipts from Wax. Receipts from Honey in the Comb, , 

ji j Total Recpipts 

' I aj i' from Bees. 

Total Receipts. [ ^ i ic "1 ^'''*' Receipts. 



Total Expenses on 
Account of Bees. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 04.) 



RECEIPTS FROM THE FARM OTHER THAN FROM CULTIVATION. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 



FROM WHAT SOURCES. 



1892 
1893 




1894 




1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 





Expenses 
Incurred. 



Total Receipts. 



SPECIAL OBJECTS OF HOME INDUSTRY. 



YEARS. 


OBJECT. 


Expenses on Ac- 
count of Ob'ect. 


Total Receipts. 




$ 




$ 




1878 










1879 








1880 








1881 










1882 






1883 








188-t 








Ii 
1885 'i 








1886 










1887 










1888 








1889 








1890 








1891 










1892 










1893 










1894 








1895 










1896 










1897 










1898 










1899 


1 






1900 









HIRED LABOR. 



1 


WAGES. 1 












NAMES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 


How Hired. 
Rate of Wages. 


Service Began. 1 Service Ended. 

1 


Amount Paid. 


REMARKS. 




$ ! 






1 f 










































































































































































































































1 



















































HIRED LABOR. 



NAMES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 




Service Began, I Service Ended. 



HIRED LABOR. 





WAGES. 












NAMES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. 


How Hired. 
Rate of Wages. 


i 
Service Began, Service Ended. 


Amount Paid. 


REMARKS. 




$ 








' 


1 




































































- 


























































































































\ 























(IVo. U7.1 



COISIDJTION AND CHANGES OF THE FARM. 



YEARS. 



Acres at the End of the Year. 



Bought. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1880 
1887 
ISSS 
1889 
18S)0 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189C 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(ISO. 07a.) 

CONDITIONS AND CHANGES OF THE FARM. 





Acres Brought into Use the Year Previous. 


Assessed Valuation, 


Estimated Cash Value at End of Year, 






YEARS. 


ared. 

rshes Re- 
laimed. 


Water Surfaces 
Drained, 

Planted with 
Timber, 


Real 
Estate. 


Personal 
Estate, 


Real 
Estate. 


Domestic Tools, Ma- 
Animals, 'fh'^y'^"'! 
. Implements, 


Other 
Personal 
Property. 


Total Value, 


1 o E " 


$ 




« 1 


$ 




$ 


$ 




$ 


I " 


t 1 


1878 




































1879 








! 
















1880 






1 












1881 




v 


-- 




1882 
















1883 

188-1: 




























1885 
1886 
















] 
























1887 






i 


— 






" 




1888 






1 








1889 






















1890 




















1891 












1892 




1 










' 


- 













1893 
















1894 












1895 










• 












189G 


















1897 
























1898 
























1899 
















1900 



































BUILDINGS ERECTED. 




1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS:— IMPROVEMENTS. 



YEARS. 


NATURE OF THE REPAIR, CHANGE, OR IMPROVEMENT. 


Date of Completion. 


Cost. 


REMARKS. 




$ 






1878 
1879 : 
1880 
1881 














lOO I 

1882 
1883 

1 GfiJ^ 
























loo4 

1 QQf^ 










iooo 

1886 
1887 






!■ 


1888 
1880 










1 890 










1891 








1892 
1891! 








1894 












1895 
1890 






1897 

1898 












1899 
1900 













INSURANCE UPON PROPERTY. 



Date when Insurance was 
Obtained, 



Year. Month, Day, 



Description of Property Insured. 



Name of Company Insuring-, 



Date when Policy 
will Expire. 



£. ,$ 



INSURANCE UPON PROPERTY. 



Date when Insurance was 
Obtained. 


Description of Property Insured, 


Name of Company Insuring. 


■f ^ 

■2 1 

o 
E 


> 






Year. 


Month. 


Day, 


o t 


$ 


Data when Policy 
will Expire. 




$ 




1 






























































































1 












































































































1 











































































BUILDINGS HIRED OR LEASED. 




1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1890 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1000 



HIRED PASTURAGE, AND STOCK PASTURED ONI LAND NOT BELONGING 

TO THE FARM. 





Pasture 


Lands Hired 


Domestic Animals fur which Pasturage 


was 


Hired, 




__ 








for the Season. 


Horses and Mules. 


Neat Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Total Paid 




Acres, 


Amount 




— 


YEARS. 


Over 2 Years Old, 


Colts, 


Over 2 Years. 


2-Year Olds, 1 Yearlings. 


No. 


Rat 


for Pasturage, 




No, 


Rate 
per Week 


No, 


Rate 
per Week. 


No, 


Rate 
per Week, 


No, 


Rate 
per Week. 


No. 


Rate 
per Week, 


per Week, 








$ 




$ 




$ 




$ 




$ 




$_ 




$ 




$ 




1878 


































I 




1879 


































1880 






































1881 






































1882 
















1883 






















1884 




































1885 




















188G 




































1887 




























1888 






















1889 


































1890 
































1891 




























1892 










i 








- 






1893 










i 


















1894 






































1895 






































1896 
































1897 




i 






















1898 






























1899 
































1900 






























1 
i 

























PASTURAGE HIRED TO OTHERS, AND STOCK TAKEN IN FOR PASTURAGE. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 



1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189C 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



Pasture Lands Hired 
Out for the Season. 



I Amount 
Acres, i Received. 



Domestic Animals tal<en in for Pasturage. 



Horses and IVIuIes. 



Rate 
per Weelt. 



Neat Cattle. 



I 

Rat 
|^„^ per Weel<. 



Rate 
I per Week, 



Rate 
per Weel<. 



Yearlings. 



1 Rate 
Ho, I per Week. 



Sheep. 



Rate 

per Week.; 1 



Total Receipts 
from Pasturage. 



1883 












1884 










1885 










1886 
1887 














1888 








1889 














1890 












1891 









1893 










1894 






1895 










189C 











LAND HIRED FROM OTHERS FOR USE OTHER THAN FOR PASTURAGE. 



Taken upon Shares for Cultivation, 



Amount Paid. , Acres. 



Value Paid for 
Use. 



Acres Devoted to Different Uses, 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 



1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 t: 

1894 

1895 !: 

1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



LAND HIRED OUT TO OTHERS FOR USE OTHER THAISI AS PASTURAGE. 




Uses to which Land was Applied by those Hiring. 



iIVo. 70.) 



FENCES EXISTING AT BEGINNING OF RECORD AND MADE ANNUALLY AFTERWARDS. 



Post and Board Fence. 



Cost per Rod, 



Cost per Rod, 



Cost per Rod, 



At Beginning 
of Record. 



HEDGES. 



(IVo. 78.) 

DITCHES AND OTHER DRAINAGE. 





Open Drains. 


Stone Drains. 


Tile Drains. 








YEARS. 


1 Cost per Rod. 
Rods. 1 


Rods. ' 


Cost per Rod, 


! Cost per Rod. 
Rods. 1 


Total Cost. 


REMARKS. 




1$ 




$ 


\$ 


$ 






At Beginning 
of Record. 



















FOREST-TREE PLANTING. 



Kinds of Trees Sowed or Planted. 



No. of ' No. of . I No. of . 

*"■"■ Trees. *""' Trees, *""■ ' Trees, f ^"^^' 



No. of I No of 

Trees. '^"^^- Trees. 



Total Cost 

of Planting and 

Cultivat>pn. 



No. of . 
Trees. *'='■"• 



No. of 
Trees. 



1878 
1879 
188U 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(TVo. SO.) 



CONDITION OF WOODLANDS AND FOREST PLANTATIONS AT THE END 

OF EACH YEAR. 



Acres in Native 
Woodland, 



Acres in Planted 
Timber, 



Losses among Trees Planted for Timber, 



(No,) 1 (No.) (No,) 1 (No.) 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



VEHICLES, TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. 



Kind or Description. 



From whom Bought. : Date of Purchase. 



Cost of Repairs. 



(No. 81.) 

VEHICLES, TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. 



Kind or Description. 



From whom Bought. 



Date of Purchase. 



Cost of Repairs. 



VEHICLES, 


(JVo. 81.) 

TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. 


Kind or Description. 


From whom Bought. 


Date of Purchase. 


First Cost. 


Cost of Repairs, 


REIHARKS. 




$ 


$ 



























































































































































































































OTHER INVESTMENTS. 



Amount Invested. 



DESCRIPTION OR KIND. 



OTHER INVESTMENTS. 



DESCRIPTION OR KIND. 




Amount Invested. 



OTHER INVESTMENTS. 



DESCRIPTION OR KINO. 




(IVo. S3.) 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING _ACRES. 



Crops Raised. 



Character of the 
Yield, 



Bushels. 



Sowed or Planted 



When Ploughed. 



When Sowed or 
Planted. 



When Harvested. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
189-1 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(TSn. S3.1 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



„ , Character of the 

Crops Raised. , yi^ij^ 



Bushels. 



Sowed or Planted Harvested. 



When Ploughed. p^^^^^^_ 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
188G 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. S3.) 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



Crops Raised, 



Character of the 
Yield, 



Bushels, 



{Sowed or Planted Harvested. 



When Ploughed, 



When Sowed or 
Planted, 



1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(3Vo. S3.1 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



II 



YEARS, j Crops Raised. 



Character of the 
Yield. 



Bushels. 



Sowed or Planted 



When Ploughed. 



When Sowed or 
Planted. 



1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 



1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. 83.) 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



Crops Raised, 



Character of the 
Yield. 



Sowed or Planted; Harvested. 



,1 When Sowed or 
When Ploughed. planted. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



CXo. 83.1 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



Crops Raised, 



Character of the 
Yield, 



Busheis, 



iSowed or Planted , Harvested, 



.„i_ r>, , J ^hen Sowed or ;,.,. 

When PIcughed. planted. i When Harvested, 



1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(No. S3.) 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



Crops Raised. 




Bushels. 



Sowed or Planted Harvested. 



When Ploughed. 



When Sowed or 
Planted. 



When Harvested. 



1878 
ISl'J 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1S9G 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



(IVo. 83.) 

RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS 

CONTAINING ACRES. 



Character of the 
Crops Raised. Yield, 



Sowed or Planted Harvested. 



, J I When Sowed or I, „. ,, . . 
When Ploughed. ' Planted. When Harvested. 



1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 

1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 



1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



MONEY BORROWED FOR USE IN FARM PURPOSES. 



FROM WHOM BORROWED. 



Amount Borrowed. 



Date when Borrowed. ' Date when Due. REMARKS. 



MONEY BORROWED FOR USE IN FARM PURPOSES. 



FROM WHOM BORROWtD. 



Amount Borrowed.! 



Date when Borrowed. Date when Due. 









GENERAL 


EXPENSE ACCOUNT OF THE 


VEAR. 










Taxes. 


Purchase of 
Seed, 


Tools, 
Machines, and 
Implements, 




Permanent Improvements. 


Temporary 
Improvements and Inci- 
dental Expenses. 


YEARS. 


Days Assessed 
Highway 
Labor. 


State, 
County, and i School, 
Town, 


Domestic 1 
Animals, 


Buildings Other 
and Repairs, Improvements, ■ 

1 




t 1 


i 


1 $ 


i 1 


$ 


1 


$ 1 


t \ $ \ 




$ 




1878 

1 Q^Q 










































io/y 












1880 

1 QQ1 


















losl 

1 QQO 


























1883 


1 
1 




































1884 










1885 
















1886 
























iO0( 
1 QQQ 
























looo 

1889 
1890 

1 QQ1 


[ 






























































ioyi 
































1892 

1 QQQ 








loyo 
1894 
























































1895 
1896 
1897 

1 QQQ 
































































1 COQ 
























lo99 

1 onn 




















lyuu 

































(]Vo. 83a,.) 



GENERAL EXPENSE ACCOUf^T .—Continued. 



Provisions for the Family. 



Products of 
the Farm. 



Other Family i Materials for Home ' Hired Labor, 
Expenses. Manufacture. 



Interest on 
the Investment. 



Total Expenses. 



GENERAL RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR, AND FINAL BALANCE. 



From other Crops. 



From Domestic Animals. 



From Labor || Used in the 
Family or upon 
the Farm. 



Used upon the 
Farm. 



Dairy, 



Team Worl<, etc. 



All other 
Ammals Sold i R^jgipts fro^ 



or Slaughtered 



1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 



(IVo. sua.) 



GENERAL RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR, AND FINAL ^^L^\^CE.— Continued. 



other Receipts Products of Home I Real Estate Receipts from Receipts from ! jotal Receipts, 

from the Farm. > Industry. Hired. Money Invested. Property Hired. | 



Comparison with the Results of 
Previous Year. 



1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



''■^uM mmm mmmimmis»ms!smii sBm£^m i^^^ 



'A.iiit^^si^!Sii!^^lti 



LIRR\RY OF CONGRESS 






D Q D 5 1. 7 1 1. fl b A 









